Case Study: Sick And Tired, Seeing Things? You Might Have Anemia

SafetyNurse1968, BSN, MSN, PhD

BACK STORY

Read the full story HERE. A few years ago, my cousin Ruth came to live with us for the Summer and be a nanny to my four kids. While she was living with us she presented with increasing fatigue and listlessness. Eventually she admitted to having hallucinations, describing lights flashing on the ceiling as she tried to sleep, and of seeing our family dog wearing a grey fedora. She had always been pale and thin, she was a vegetarian, and she had recently stopped taking her birth control pills, which had led to intermittent bleeding for several months. In addition, she had a family history of suicide and manic depression. I suggested she try to eat more iron rich foods, and keep me posted on her fatigue level, but she didn't tell me much - typical of a teenager. Finally, we ended up taking her to the ER when she admitted to having thoughts of harming herself.

I had considered anemia as the source of her fatigue, but when I questioned her about the amount of bleeding she was having, she had denied that it was excessive. In my experience anemia doesn't cause hallucinations, so when she started telling me about seeing our dog in a hat, given her family history, I started worrying about a mental health disorder, especially schizophrenia, which typically presents in early adult-hood.

NOT THE USUAL SUSPECTS

Ruth was in the psych ward for four days, and during that time they did a full history and physical, including a psychological evaluation, medication reconciliation and a wide panel of lab tests. Though they found signs of depression, that didn't explain seeing my dog in a fedora. What they did find was severe iron deficiency anemia. She had been bleeding longer and more heavily than she had previously admitted, and I could have kicked myself for not taking her to see a doctor sooner. This article is my penance for not picking up on it sooner. I review risk factors, signs and symptoms of the various types of anemia, as well as diagnostic tests and treatments, and there are great resources for further learning.

I still don't think I would have put iron deficiency anemia with hallucinations - I have looked far and wide for case studies or research discussing a link between the two. I Googled anemia and hallucinations multiple ways and got nothing. I tried hypoxia and hallucinations as well. I looked on Google Scholar, PubMed and hematological websites, but found very little linking the two. There is an article about a woman with very low iron who thought she was infested with spider eggs (Delusional parasitosis secondary to severe iron deficiency anemaia).I also found a link between mountain climbing and psychosis, but the authors haven't found a direct link between hypoxia from mountain climbing and hallucinations.There's also a link between Vitamin B-12 deficiency caused anemia and hallucinations. Some people diagnosed with dementia or Alzheimer's are actually suffering from B12 deficiency.Ruth wasn't a mountain climber, she wasn't vegan or lacking intrinsic factor or producing inadequate stomach acid. She was slowly bleeding to death.

ANEMIA

Anemia is common and affects one-third of the world's population, and more than 3 million Americans. Anemia is defined as any pathological condition leading to significant decrease in total body erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell) mass. Red blood cells (RBCs) carry hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that binds and carries oxygen to tissues in the body. Anemia occurs when you don't have enough red blood cells or when your red blood cells don't work correctly.

SAFETY

Given the prevalence of anemia, you would think it would be easy to get all the information you need to know on the internet, but not so. I found myself longing for my old nursing school Med/Surg textbook. I found a lot of information for the layperson, describing signs and symptoms, but very little information on diagnostic lab values, and how to do a work-up on someone suspected of having anemia. As a patient safety specialist, I know that multiple organizations recommend up-to-date, easily accessible information be available to healthcare providers. It is often nurses who spot valuable details: patterns in vital signs, low lab values, patient behaviors, family stories, empty vitamin bottles found in a purse (can you hear the patient's voice? "oh, I didn't think it was important to tell the doctor about my vitamins!") When we have access to knowledge, we are better detectives and have a better chance of keeping our patients safe.

TYPES OF ANEMIA

Ruth had iron deficiency anemia, the most common type of anemia worldwide, affecting 10-30% of world population; in the U.S. 11% of women and of 4% men have iron deficiency anemia, but there are many other types of anemia.

Iron deficiency anemia caused by a shortage of iron in your body. Your bone marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin. Without adequate iron, your body can't produce enough hemoglobin for red blood cells. It occurs in many pregnant women and is also caused by blood loss - like Ruth's, from heavy bleeding. Ulcers, cancer and regular use of aspirin can cause it as well.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency caused by a lack of folate and vitamin B-12. Both are needed to produce healthy red blood cells. A diet lacking in these nutrients can cause decreased RBC production. In addition, if your body doesn't make intrinsic factor, you can't process the vitamin - leading to pernicious anemia.

Chronic diseases Cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease and Crohn's can interfere with production of red blood cells.

Aplastic anemia Caused by underproduction of red blood cells due to infection, medication, autoimmune disease and exposure to toxic chemicals.

Bone Marrow Diseases leukemia and myelofibrosis can cause anemia by affecting blood production in the bone marrow

Hemolytic Anemia when RBCs are destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them. It can be inherited or develop later in life, includes Sickle cell Anemia which is an inherited defective form of hemoglobin that causes RBCs to form a crescent or sickle shape - they die prematurely.

Thalassemia A rare inherited blood disorder in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin

SYMPTOMS

When you have anemia, your body tissues lack oxygen, so you may have one or more of the following symptoms:

Tiredness
Dizziness
Weakness
Headaches
Pale skin
Fast heartbeat
Shortness of breath
Pounding or whooshing in ears
Craving for ice or clay (picophagia)
Sore or smooth tongue
Brittle nails
Hair loss
Difficulty concentrating
Grumpiness
Poor cold tolerance
Decline in renal function
Osteoporosis
Sarcopenia (loss of muscle tissue)

RISK FACTORS

There are many risk factors for anemia: major surgery or trauma, menstruation (especially if periods are heavy) recently given birth, pregnant or breast feeding, GI disease like celiac, IBD, ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, peptic ulcer, bariatric or gastric bypass, vegetarians, people who don't each iron-rich foods.

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis of anemia involves asking many questions. You will want to know: severity; rate of onset; the patient's overall health and oxygen demand; past medical history (menstruation, duration, frequency, flow, pregnancy, blood in stool, blood loss - acute vs. chronic); family history. You will also do a complete physical exam (Pallor, conjunctiva, oral mucosa, nail beds, palmar creases, orthostatic BP changes - intravascular volume shift), lab workup and medication reconciliation.

LAB VALUES

Diagnosing iron deficiency anemia is simple. Start with the CBC and look at the RBC count, and Hematocrit and Hemoglobin levels. If those are low, get an order for TIBC, iron and ferritin. A comprehensive list of lab values related to anemia is included, and where it's applicable I have included Ruth's values as well as normal values in parenthesis.

Red blood cell size and color: with iron deficiency anemia, RBCs are smaller and paler in color

Red Blood Cell count: how many RBCs you have. It's also known as an erythrocyte count. The test is important because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to your body's tissues. Your tissues need oxygen to function.

Ruth: 3.1x10¹²/L (3.9-5.2x10¹²/L)

Hematocrit: the percentage of blood volume made up by RBCs.

Ruth: 23.1% (34.9-44.5 % women; 38.8 - 50.0 % men).

Hemoglobin: the oxygen-carrying molecule found in RBCs. Lower than normal hemoglobin levels indicate anemia.

Ruth: 7.0 g/dL (13.5-17.5 g/dL men; 12.0-15.5 g/dL women).

Mean corpuscular volume(MCV): the average volume of red cells. It can be directly measured by automated hematology analyzer, or it can be calculated from hematocrit (Hct) and the red blood cell count (RBC) as follows: MCV in fl = (Hct [in L/L]/RBC [in x10¹²/L]) x 1000.

Ruth 73 fL (78-102fL)

Ferritin: a protein that contains iron and is the primary form of iron stored inside cells. The amount released and circulating in the blood reflects the amount of iron stored in the body. When your iron level is low, your body will pull iron out of storage to use it. A low level of ferritin usually indicates a low level of stored iron.

Ruth: 4 ng/mL (12-156 ng/mL)

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC): tells how much transferrin (a protein) is free to carry iron through the blood. If TIBC is high, more transferrin is free because there is less iron.

Ruth: 550 mcg/dL (200-450 ng/mL).

Serum Iron: The amount of iron in your blood may be normal, even if the total amount of iron in your body is low - which is why other tests are needed (like the TIBC and Ferritin levels).

Ruth: 10 umol/L (10-30 umol/L)

If it's not iron deficiency anemia, further tests are needed. Click on THIS link for more lab values and images of blood smears.And check out this Powerpoint based on Hazzard's Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology.It has flow charts for diagnosis, case studies, and a discussion of microcytic vs. macrocytic anemia (too much for this article!)

TREATMENT

Iron deficiency anemia: taking iron supplements (take on an empty stomach to increase absorption, don't take with antacids, take with Vitamin C, watch out for constipation) and making changes to your diet (red meats, leafy-dark green vegetables, beans, molasses, liver, grains). If the underlying cause of iron deficiency is loss of blood, the source of the bleeding must be located and stopped. In Ruth's case, she had to get back on contraceptives to lighten her heavy menstrual flow. She also had to take iron, and it takes a long time to get iron levels up to normal, unfortunately, they can't be corrected overnight, and may take months to replenish.

Vitamin deficiency anemia: Dietary supplements and increasing these nutrients in your diet. If your digestive system has trouble absorbing vitamin B-12 from the food you eat, you may need vitamin B-12 shots. At first, you may receive the shots every other day. Eventually, you'll need shots just once a month, which may continue for life, depending on your situation.

Anemia of chronic disease: No specific treatment for this type of anemia. You have to treat the underlying disease. If symptoms become severe, a blood transfusion or injections of synthetic erythropoietin, a hormone normally produced by your kidneys, may help stimulate red blood cell production and ease fatigue.

Aplastic anemia: Blood transfusions to boost levels of red blood cells. You may need a bone marrow transplant if your bone marrow is diseased and can't make healthy blood cells.

Anemia associated with bone marrow disease: Medication, chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.

Hemolytic anemias: Avoiding suspect medications, treating related infections and taking drugs that suppress your immune system, which may be attacking your red blood cells. Depending on the severity of your anemia, a blood transfusion or plasmapheresis may be necessary. Plasmapheresis is a type of blood-filtering procedure. In certain cases, removal of the spleen can be helpful.

Sickle cell anemia: Administration of oxygen, pain-relieving drugs, and oral and intravenous fluids to reduce pain and prevent complications. Doctors also may recommend blood transfusions, folic acid supplements and antibiotics. A bone marrow transplant may be an effective treatment in some circumstances. A cancer drug called hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea) also is used to treat sickle cell anemia.

Thalassemia: Blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, medication, removal of the spleen (splenectomy), or a blood and bone marrow stem cell transplant.

Resources

Schizophrenia Facts and Statistics

Delusional parasitosis secondary to severe iron deficiency anemia

Mountain Climbing Can Actually Cause Psychosis, And We Don't Know Why

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/b-12-deficiency/

Iron deficiency anemia - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic

Iron-Deficiency Anemia | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

Laboratory Evaluation of Anemia