fluids & electrolytes...please help

Sanuk · Nov 18, 2011

I've always really liked the Incredibly Easy series of books. I'm not sure I know of something that would lay it out better for you. If you have a few weeks, you should be able to get through it. Or, if you have a more specific area that you have a question about??

TKnTK · Nov 18, 2011

I can understand some things but I have to really "think" about it. I just want get a better grasp on the whole subject. If there's an area that you would recommend I concentrate on, that would help too. I'm sure as a nurse, there are certain things that you must know and other things you can google if you run across it. I have the week of Thanksgiving to study for it. :) Thank you.

PsychNurseWannaBe, BSN, RN · Nov 19, 2011

I can understand some things but I have to really "think" about it. I just want get a better grasp on the whole subject. If there's an area that you would recommend I concentrate on, that would help too. I'm sure as a nurse, there are certain things that you must know and other things you can google if you run across it. I have the week of Thanksgiving to study for it. :) Thank you.

F/E is a hard topic to grasp. Some find it easier to learn mnemonics to enhance their learning.

https://allnurses.com/nursing-student-assistance/mnemonics-memory-aids-146408.html

nurseprnRN, BSN, RN · Nov 23, 2011

you want the physiology coloring book (no joke!)-- it will give you the visual and hands-on input your brain wants. you can download it, i think.

meanwhile, i hope this helps.

* na+ and water balance, or why you have to remember that serum sodium doesn't tell you anything at all about sodium , and that saline is not water and salt.

ok, thought experiment time: draw pictures with little molecules or such if you like, it will help. you have a beaker full of salt water, with a na+ level of, say, 140 (hmmmm, what a coincidence). you pour half of it out. what is the na+ level in the remainder? right, 140, because that measurement is a measurement of concentration, not a count of the absolute number of sodium atoms. got that? if not, work on it, because you have to "get" it.

now you refill the beaker to its previous level, full up, with plain water... or, say, d5w, which is the same thing, physiologically. now what's your sodium level? right, 70, because you have twice as much water per amt of sodium.

go back to the half-full beaker again, the one with a serum (oooh, a freudian slip! i think i'll leave it. serum counts as saline.) sodium of 140. fill it up with an equal volume of....normal saline, which for purposes of this discussion has a sodium level about the same as blood serum. what's the serum sodium now? right, still 140. as a matter of fact, you can pour quite a bit of ns into a body and not really influence the serum sodium that much at all. the way you change the serum sodium is by changing the amt of water.

repeat to yourself: "serum sodium tells you about water balance" and "saline is not sodium and water." (i used to have a poster of this and have my classes chant it three times before going on ...i wanted to be sure they would remember it for later)

ok, deep breath. now we look at water balance from the other side.

saline pretty much stays in its vascular place (unless you cut a blood vessel and spill some out). but water....ah, water travels. as a matter of fact, that's the other poster. repeat three times: "saline stays, water travels." (think: rivers flow from place to place, but the ocean pretty much stays where it is.) what the heck importance is that?

back to your original beaker.... the one full of stuff with a serum na+ of 140. evaporate half of the water. what is the serum sodium now? right, 280 (whooee, bigtime dehydration) as a matter of fact, if you lose enough water from your body to get your serum sodium up to 170 or so (("serum sodium tells you about water balance")), you'll probably die, especially if you do it rapidly. why? because water travels in and out of all your cells. if you lose water from your intravascular space, sweat it out, or pee it out because your kidneys are unable to concentrate urine for some reason, thus making your bloodstream more concentrated, water molecules on the other side of the cell walls all over town say, "whoops! gotta go!"...because water travels across cell membranes from an area of more water per volume (lower salt concentration) to the area of less water per volume (higher salt concentration). so if you are de-hydrated, meaning water-poor, all your cells shrink. most importantly, if your brain cells shrink enough from water loss, they pull away from your pia mater/meninges and you have an intracerebral bleed. bummer.

(interestingly, this is why you have a headache with your hangover after an alcohol binge. alcohol temporarily disables your kidneys from retaining water, so they let too much out. you pee a lot, and your brain shrinks just enough to put a little tension on your pia mater/meninges. bingo, headache.) (ahhh, digressed again....)

ok, now put this all together and tell me why your hematocrit is a lousy indicator of water balance (as a matter of fact, a nigh-on useless indicator of dehydration), but a good indication of saline balance.

ok. you are walking down the street with a perfectly good crit of 40 and a serum sodium of 140 (and normal other lytes). you are accosted by someone with a sharp thing and before you know it, a whole lot of your circulating volume is running into the storm drain. fortunately, you are whisked into a nearby er immediately, having had your bleeding stopped by a nearby boy scout with good first aid merit badge training (ummmm, i teach that too). the er nurse draws a baseline crit and lytes. what are they?

ok, crit is still 40...because hct is a *percentage of the blood that is red cells*, not a count of the absolute number of red cells you have. so even if you lose a lot of your blood, your crit is unchanged. until they start fluid-resuscitating you with.... normal (not half-normal) saline (or rl, which acts like it for purposes of this discussion).

na+ is still 140, because you have lost saline (serum counts as saline) but not water.

thought experiment time again. take two tubes of whole blood, that is, serum and red cells. they both have a hct ( which is often spoken as “crit”) of 40, that is, 40% of the volume of each tube is taken up solely by rbc's. we already know what happens if you add saline to one of them: the crit drops, right? but what happens to the crit of a tube of blood if you add water-- like d5w? answer: nothing. why? because the crit is a % of volume....and when you add water, the water travels into the cells too. so they swell up, and their %age size change means no change in the crit of the tube. they still take up (in this example) 40% of the volume. what happens if, instead of adding water to your original tube of hct=40 blood, you evaporate half of the water out of it? (the answer is not, "make gravy." shame on you.) no, the hct stays the same, because the cells lose water too, and they shrink as much as the liquidy part did. same percentage of red cells in the resulting volume = no change in hematocrit.

so. when you have someone dehyrated (as evidenced by their elevated serum na+), you give him water (or d5w). this dilutes his serum na+ back towards normal and allows his shrunken dehydrated cells to regain their girlish plumpness. normal saline will not help, as it will not change the serum sodium level ("saline is not sodium and water") and will not move into cells to restore their lost water content ("saline stays, water travels.")

if you have someone who is hypovolemic, as evidenced by (hmmm? what? how do you assess hypovolemia? how about bp, cvp, jvd, pad, lvedp, etc? you pick 'em), you give him saline, which goes into his vascular space where you want it for circulating volume but doesn't go anywhere else. d5w will not do the job, as it will travel into cells (not just rbc's, but all cells, and most of it will thus not be available in the vascular space to make blood pressure).

so why do dehydrated old ladies have high crits and high serum na+'s? well, as i was fond of telling my students, it's perfectly possible to have two things wrong at once.

let's look at a couple of people and see if that helps.

1) serum na+ 140, hct 25, bp 110/60. ok, so this guy is relatively anemic, but his circulating volume is ok (as evidenced by an adequate bp) and his water balance is fine (as evidenced by his normal na+). who does this? well, anemia can have many causes, but if he comes in with a hx of a recent bleed with fluid resuscitation, you could guess that he had a perfectly good crit until he lost some red cells out his gi bleed or stab wound or bloody ortho surgery or something, and we were stingy and just gave him ns back. his crit is called "dilutional," as in, "his red cells are floating in saline."

2) serum na+ 118, hct 40, bp 110/60. this guy has 'way too much water on board, as evidenced by his na+ that's 'way low ("dilutional" too). we call him hyponatremic, but it's not that he has lost sodium (in most cases), it's that he retained too much water. he hasn't lost saline, as evidenced by his decent bp ("saline is not sodium and water"). who does this? well, remember the dread "siadh"? "syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone"? lessee.... inappropriate, ummm, too much. antidiuretic, ummmm, doesn't allow diuresis, holds onto water.... bingo. he's retaining water, and his na+ is called "dilutional" because all those little na+s are floating around in too much water. some degree of siahd is actually pretty common--- you can do it with anesthesia, mechanical ventilation (there's stretch receptors in the lungs, see, and....oh, later), and a host of common meds. of course, you can also get a low serum sodium in a hurry if some fool tanks you rapidly with a liter or two of d5w, or , like that poor woman in a socal radio contest, you drink a ton of plain water over a short period of time. she died of acute cerebral edema when her brain swelled up faster than her skull would stretch to accommodate it.

hope this makes some level of sense. more?

reeta116 · Nov 23, 2011

Mosby's Fluids & Electrolytes Memory NoteCards: Visual, Mnemonic, and Memory Aids for Nurses [spiral-Bound]

By:

JoAnn Zerwekh MSN EdD RN (Author), Jo Carol Claborn MS RN (Author), Tom Gaglione MSN RN (Author)

Try this. I got mine from Amazon

ProudMom511 · Nov 27, 2011

reviews and rationals (fluid and electrolytes) is very helpful..comes with cd to practice questions and gives rationals to answers.

also try and see if this is helpful, i found the last part to be very helpful.

values:

ph (acid): 45hco3 (acid):

ph (normal): 7.35 - 7.45paco2 (normal):35 - 45 hco3 (normal):22 - 26

ph (base): > 7.45paco2 (base): 26

abg values: ph______________ paco2__________________hco3_____________________

acid/normal/base: ph_________paco2__________________hco3_____________________

now plug in your values:

acid

normal

base (alkaline)

ph

paco2

hco3

respiratory acidosis:

respiratory acidosis uncompensated:ph acid(↓)paco2 acid (↑)hco3 normal

respiratory acidosis partially compensated:ph acid(↓)paco2 acid (↑)hco3 base (↑)

respiratory acidosis totally compensated:ph normalpaco2 acid (↑)hco3 base (↑)

respiratory alkalosis:

respiratory alkalosis uncompensated:ph base(↑)paco2 base (↓)hco3 normal

respiratory alkalosis partially compensated:ph base(↑)paco2 base (↓)hco3 acid (↓)

respiratory alkalosis totally compensated:ph normalpaco2 base (↓)hco3 acid (↓)

metabolic acidosis:

metabolic acidosis uncompensated:ph acid(↓)paco2 normalhco3 acid (↓)

metabolic acidosis partially compensated:ph acid(↓)paco2 base (↓)hco3 acid (↓)

metabolic acidosis totally compensated:ph normalpaco2 base (↓)hco3 acid (↓)

metabolic alkalosis:

metabolic alkalosis uncompensated:ph base(↑)paco2 normalhco3 base (↑)

metabolic alkalosis partially compensated:ph base(↑)paco2 acid (↑)hco3 base (↑)

metabolic alkalosis totally compensated:ph normalpaco2 acid (↑)hco3 base (↑)

interpretation:

uncompensated: ph and one other value (either paco2 or hco3) are abnormal. abnormal ph determines whether acidosis or alkalosis. abnormal paco2 or hco3 determines whether respiratory or metabolic.

paco2 abnormal = respiratory; hco3 abnormal = metabolic.

partial compensation: all values are abnormal. two values "agree" (ph and either paco2 or hco3 are both acid or both base), and the remaining value (either paco2 or hco3) is the opposite of the ph. the value (paco2 or hco3) that "agrees" with the ph is correct (determines whether respiratory or metabolic).

compensation: ph is normal, both paco2 and hco3 are abnormal. one will be acidotic, the other base. the value that most closely matches the ph identifies the true (underlying) state. if the fully compensated ph is between 7.35-7.40, then the normal ph is closer to the acid end and the acidotic value (either paco2 or hco3) is correct. if the ph is between 7.40-7.45, then the normal ph is closer to the alkalotic end and the base value (either paco2 or hco3) is correct.

nurseprnRN, BSN, RN · Nov 27, 2011

in reality, compensation never gets quite back into the normal range, so that helps you figure it out too.

FineAgain · Nov 28, 2011

Dearest Grn Tea,

More? YES please! I got it before but your way is better. Please move to Maine immediately and be my professor. Love, A

TKnTK · Dec 9, 2011

Grn Tea,

The examples really helps me understand this more. Let's see how well I do on finals. More? Definitely, if you have the time to provide it, I'd love to learn.

Thank you!

LadyinScrubs, ASN, RN · Dec 13, 2011

GrnTea - you never fail to amaze me. I am a devotee.

nurseprnRN, BSN, RN · Dec 14, 2011

grntea (blushing)