Atropine sulphate

[deepurple]

someone can explain to me how atropine will increase intraocular pressure in glaucoma patient.

what it is mean by atropine is vagolytic drug?

[senseiRN]

dilated pupils = maximized contact between the iris and the lens, preventing aqueous humor from coming out of the posterior chamber which results in increased pressure

[deepurple]

i am still did not understand..can u explain to me step by step....

[caliotter3]

Look up the term vagolytic in a medical dictionary.

[deepurple]

ok i try...tq

[Forceps]

Some drugs that create a vagolytic effect (are called vagolytic agents):

-atropine sulfate

-glycopyrrolate -propantheline

-isopropamide

What they do?

They are agents (drugs) that have inhibitory effects on the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

Whats does the vagus nerve?

The vagus nerve conveys sensory information about the state of the body's organs (visceras). To remember that think that has 80-90% of afferent (sensory) fibers in the nerve.

What does activation of the Vagus Nerve do?

Activation of the vagus nerve leads to a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure( both at the same time is also possible).

What happend if it is too much stimulated?

To much activation of the nerve (as in a extreme stress situation or pain) can cause a vasovagal syncope.

Why these can happend?

Because of a sudden drop in hearth rate and Blood pressure.

Which are the Glaucoma main elements/ characterizations ?

They are 3.

1-Increeased ocular pressure (you are interested in these one).

2-Increased cupping and pallor of the optic disc.

3-loss of visual field.

Why?

The nerve suffer damage and provocate the above elements.

What is atropine?

Is a Anticholinergic.

Why is is dangerous?

Anticholinergics and parasympatholytics block the action of innervation on the muscles of the iris & ciliar body.

Creates cycloplegia (paralysis of accommodation) & pupillary dilatation.

Cycloplegia can cause blurring vision (note that these one is a side effects of atropine) from interference with normal innervation of the ciliary muscle.

Blocking of the ciliary muscle can be dangerous to patients with borderline or actual chronic open-angle glaucoma. These happends because increases resistance to escape aqueous humor.

To undestand these you should know that normally the tone of the ciliary muscle assist keeping open the channels for aqueous humor outflow through the scleral spur to the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork.

So hope now you understand it.

Just in case you want the short version (unacademic and unprofessional):

Glaucoma augments pressure inside eye. Pressure is regulated by expelling the liquid inside the eye. Atropine closes exit of liquid. The eye augments and augments... the pressure and everything gets bad inside the eye.

Sorry for the simplicity but, again, I hope it helps.

Sorry for any misspelling or anything else that is not right (is not my mother lenguage).

[deepurple]

Thank you very much...:) you are really help me a lot!

[Forceps]

If you have more questions tell me.

Will try to help.

The important is that you can pass!!!!

Keep a positive actitude, study, practice question and over everything understand why you answer one option and not another( these way is usefull everything in everyday work!).

[deepurple]

what is differences between enema and stool softeners?

[Silverdragon102, BSN]

what is differences between enema and stool softeners?

What do you think is the difference/

[Forceps]

Enema----------- Stool-------------- softerners

Concept---------Procedure---------- medication

Format--------- Liquid----------- --Capsules, tablets, liquid, syrup,etc

effect in :------ inmediate------------- 1 to 3 days

side effects---- electrolite inbalance,--- cramps stomach/intestines

.....................perforation intestine---------- throat irritation

......................damaged orifice-------------- Nausea

Alert smptoms--- Blood, pain, disconfort----- skin rash, fever, vomit,

---------------------------------------breathing problems, stomach pain

Stool softerner is a medication. Need time to work. Can come in diferent formats and are diferent formulas ( or drug compositions). The medication has to follow all the eating circut untill it arrive to the point of effect. Will affect first the top of the intestine content (more near the stomach).

Enema is a procedure that consist in introducing some kind of liquid (there are diferent compositions too, Sodium Phosfate is a usual one) into the rectum and/or colon. Is used to clean ot or facilitate the excretion of fecal matter. It can be used for other objectives (such is rehidratation under very concrete cases). You introduce it across the orifice. So you have a direct administration to the area of effect. Will affect in first place the more distal content of the stomach, the one near the orifice.

Is quick but hope it helps.

[jagged777]

good info