OK I know this sounds stupid but I have a friend that gets really freaked out before big tests like finals, HESI, NCLEX, and usually we get together and a few days before I start throwing out random facts at her. On 2 different tests she said the only way she got several questions was from the random facts that I threw at her that she never would have thought of!
SOOOOO..... I thought that if yall wanted to do this we could get a thread going and try to throw out 5 random facts or "things to remember". NCLEX is coming and the more I try to review content the more I realize that I have forgotten so......here are my 5 random facts for ya:
OH and BTW these came from rationales in Kaplan or Saunders no made up stuff:
1️⃣ A kid with Hepatitis A can return to school 1 week within the onset of jaundice.
2️⃣ After a patient has dialysis they may have a slight fever...this is normal due to the fact that the dialysis solution is warmed by the machine.
3️⃣ Hyperkalemia presents on an EKG as tall peaked T-waves
4️⃣ The antidote for Mag Sulfate toxicity is ---Calcium Gluconate
5️⃣ Impetigo is a CONTAGEOUS skin disorder and the person needs to wash ALL linens and dishes seperate from the family. They also need to wash their hands frequently and avoid contact.
Oh, ohh, one more...
? Vasopressin is also known as antidiuretic hormone
anyone have any good ways to help with cardiac stuff??
Here is a page with animations and explanations from American Heart Association ( hopefully it is not an unapproved site ), just select topic. maybe it will be helpful
from Lippincott's review : pt. with chron. glomerulonephritis is in permanent salt-loosing state, therefore the Na level is on the low end of normal level
I though that in glomer. is decreased urine output, Na levels higher, risk of hypert. and " no added salt to foods " diet.
1. Amiodarone if mixed with grapefruit juice increases their levels
2. As the RN you can TEA
Teach
Evaluate
Assess
3. LPN's can REG
Re-assess, (after initial assessment by the RN is done)
Enforce Teaching ( After the RN has initially taught the patient)
Give Meds (PO, SubQ, and IM, [iV varies by state])
4. When delegating patients to the LPN or CNA remember their individual scope of practice and also the stability of the patient
4. If another nurse comes from another unit, that nurse can give blood, give meds, and can attend to patients that they encounter in their own settings. For example, A nurse rotated from the PACU to the coronary care unit can be given a 1 day post op patient whom just underwent a cabg because this nurse has expirience dealing with patients whom are right outta surgery.
Hope this helps and feel free to disagree to anything said!
could someone please explain the patho on SIADH and too little ADH. I want to make sure I am getting the patho right. In SIADH you retain fluid in the vascular space so pt has edema and concentrated urine. In low levels of ADH you pass too much fluid so the patient is dehydrated? :smackingf These fluid and electrolytes are kicking my butt so any help would be appreciated.
You are such a wonderful :tinkbll:.We all love your effort of taking your precious time to sit @ your desk:typing You derserve :flowersfo from people that benefit from this PRECIOUS nursing note.You derserve:smilecoffeecup::starornament::clphnds:
1. Motor skills progress in a proximal to distal manner.
2. NEONATE (Birth to 28 days):
A. Vital signs:
1. Pulse: 110 - 160 BPM count apical for one minute
2. Respiratory rate: 32 - 60 BPM. Neonate is an obligate nose breather.
3. Blood pressure: 82/46.
4. Temperature regulation is altered because of poorly developed sweating and shivering mechanisms.
A. Limit exposure time during baths.
B. When the neonate is wet or cold cover his head.
5. Mortality rate is higher in the neonatal period than in any other growth stage.
B. Head and chest circumference are relatively equal. Head circumference may be up to ¾ greater than the chest circumference.
C. Head length is one-fourth total body length.
D. Brain growth depends on myelinization.
E. All behavior is under reflex control. Extremities are flexed.
1. Moro reflex- Elicited by striking a flat surface the infant is lying on. The reflex of abducting extremities and fanning fingers when a sound is heard should be gone by 3-4 months. Strongest at 2 months
2. Rooting - When the cheek of the newborn is stroked, the newborn will turn his head in the direction of the stroke.
3. Tonic neck - While the newborn lies supine, his head is turned causing the extremities on the same side to straighten and those on the opposite side to flex.
4. Babinski - When the sole of the foot on the side of the newborn small toe is stroked upward, the toes will fan upward and out
5. Plantar grasp - Infant’s toes will curl downward when sole of foot is touched.
6. Startle - A loud noise such as a hand clap will elicit the newborn to abduct his arms and flex his elbows.
F. Hearing and touch are well developed; a hearing screening is recommended.
G. The neonate is stimulated by being held or rocked; listening to music and watching a black-white mobile.
H. While laying prone, the neonate can lift his head.
3. INFANCY: Age 1 month to 1 year.
A. Period of rapid growth in which the head, especially the brain, grows faster than other tissues.
B. According to Erickson, the infant is in the critical stage of Trust vs. mistrust. It is important for the child to develop a trusting relationship with a consistent primary caregiver. Interference may cause failure the thrive.
C. Birth weight doubles in 6 months.
D. Birth weight triples in one year.
E. Posterior fontanel closes by 2-3 months.
F. Anterior fontanel remains open until 18 months.
G. Height increases by 50% in 1 year.
H. Head circumference > than chest circumference until 1 year.
I. Tooth eruption starts at 4 months -> 1 tooth per month.
J. AGES 1 TO 4 MONTHS
1. Instinctual smile appears at age 3 months. The social smile is the infants first social response. The social smile initiates social relationships, indicates memory traces, and signals the beginning of thought processes.
2. The infant develops binocular vision; the eyes can follow an object 180 degrees and any intermittent strabismus should be resolved by age 4 months.
3. The infant reaches out voluntarily but uncoordinatedly.
4. At age 4 months the infant laughs in response to environment.
5. Recognizes parents voices.
6. Explores his feet.
7. Appropriate toys: Music box, mobile, mirror.
K. AGES 5-6 MONTHS
1. Birth weight doubles.
2. Can sleep through the night with 1-2 naps a day.
3. Lower central incisors appear first. Results in ’ed drooling and irritability.
4. Rolls over from stomach to back.
5. Infant cries when parents leave - a normal sign of attachment. Exhibits stranger anxiety.
6. Can transfer toys from one hand to another
7. Exhibits comforting habits - sucks thumb, rubs his ears, holds a blanket or stuffed toy.
A. All these symbolize parents and security.
B. Thumb sucking in infancy doesn’t result in malocclusion of permanent teeth.
2. Creeps on his hands and knees with his belly off of the floor.
3. Infant stands and stays up by grasping for support.
4. Develops a pincer grasp; places everything in his mouth - ‘ed risk of aspiration.
5. Self-feeds crackers; the infant who’s physically and emotionally ready can begin to be weaned to a cup.
6. Likes to look at self in mirror.
7. Develops object permanence and searches for objects outside his perceptual field.
8. Understands the word “NO”; discipline can begin. Cries when reprimanded.
9. Can verbalize consonants but speaks no intelligible words. 10. Appropriate toys: Peek-a-boo, cloth toys.
M. AGES 10 - 12 MONTHS
1. Birth weight triples and birth length increases about 50%.
2. Imitative behaviors.
3. Infant cruises (takes steps while holding on) at age 10 months, walks with support at 11 months, and stands alone and takes his first steps at 12 months.
4. Infant claps his hands, waves bye-bye and enjoys rhythm games.
5. Enjoys books and toys to build with and knock over.
6. Cooperates when dressed.
7. Can say Mama/dada and two syllable words.
8. Shows jealousy.
9. Infant explores everything by feeling, pushing, turning, pulling, biting, smelling, and testing for sound.
10. Appropriate toys: Push toys, large ball, large blocks.
N. NUTRITION
1. Introduce foods in this sequence
A. Breast milk or iron-fortified formula: According to AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) they recommend breast feeding exclusively for the first 4-6 months of life and then in combination with infant foods until age 1.
1. Give breast fed infants iron supplements after age 4 months because iron received before birth is depleted.
2. Breast milk is a rich source of linoleum acid (essential fatty acid) and cholesterol which are needed for brain development.
3. Contains immune factors that protect infants from infection.
B. Don’t give solid foods for the first 6 months
1. Before age 6 months, the GI tract tolerates solid food poorly.
2. Because of strong extrusion reflex, the infant pushes food out of his mouth.
3. The risk of food allergy development may increase.
C. Provide rice cereal as the first solid food followed by any other cereal except wheat.
D. Give yellow or green vegetables next.
E. Provide no citrus fruits followed by citrus fruits after age 6 months.
F. Give infants teething biscuits during teething period.
G. Provide food with sufficient protein such as meat, after age 6 months.
H. After 12 months, switch from formula to regular WHOLE milk.
1. Don’t give skim milk because fatty acids are needed for myelinization.
2. Whole milk should be continued until age 2 as recommended by the AAP.
I. RULES FOR FEEDING
1. Don’t prop up baby bottle - ’s risk of aspiration & ear infections.
2. Don’t put food or cereal in a baby bottle.
3. Introduce one new food at a time; wait 4-7 days before introducing new food to determine infant’s tolerance to it and the potential for allergy.
O. SAFETY GUIDELINES
1. Place infants supine for sleep to decrease the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
2. Keep crib rails up at all times, keep away from windows and curtain cords. Crib slats should not be more than 2” apart with mattress firmly against its rails to prevent infant falling in-between mattress and slats.
3. Use car seats properly - keep infant placed facing back of back seat.
4. Never leave infant unattended on dressing table or any other high place.
5. Don’t warm formula or breast milk in microwave. Defrosting in microwave may destroy its immune factors. Formula/food should be lukewarm.
6. Insert safety plugs in wall outlets
7. Use gates along stairways.
8. Keep soft objects and loose bedding out of the crib. Pillows, quilts, sheepskins and comforters should be kept out of infant’s sleeping environment.
9. Avoid overheating; infant should be lightly clothed for sleep.
10. ALWAYS support infants head.
11. Check temperature of bath water - should be 90-100 degrees.
P. TODDLER (Ages 1 to 3)
1. Vital signs: Pulse 100 BPM
Respiratory rate: 26 BPM
Blood pressure: 99/64
2. Period of slow growth with a weight gain of 4-6 lbs per year. Normally weighs four times birth weight.
3. Anterior fontanel closes between ages 12 and 18 months.
4. The toddler is egocentric.
5. Follows parents wherever they go.
A. Start playing peek-a-boo to develop trust.
B. Progress to playing hide and seek to reinforce the idea that his parents will return.
6. Separation anxiety arises.
A. The toddler sees bedtime as desertion.
B. Develops a fear of the dark. Nightmares begin around 2-3.
C. Separation anxiety demonstrates closeness between the toddler & his parents.
D. The parent who is leaving should say so and should promise to return.
1. Parent should leave a personal item with the toddler.
2. Prepare the parents for the toddlers reaction, and explain that this process promotes trust.
E. According to Erickson, this is the critical stage of AUTONOMY (self control & will power) VS SHAME. The child develops a sense of independence and should be allowed to explore the environment with the encouragement of the primary caregiver. Temper tantrums, negativism, and disciplinary problems are the hallmarks of this age group as the child learns to control his environment and express his will. The child should be taught to tolerate frustration through socialization and proper toilet training.
1. According to Freud, toddlers are egocentric and possessive and struggle with holding on and letting go behaviors (ANAL STAGE).
2. Toddlers usually begin to imitate sex role behavior.
3. Piaget: Sensorimotor stage the child enters the pre-operational stage in which he begins using a trial and error method of thinking and reasoning.
F. The toddler may engage in solitary play and have little interaction with others, this progresses to parallel play (toddler plays along-side but not with other children.
G. To promote development of autonomy, allow the toddler to perform tasks independently.
H. Toddler understands object permanence.
I. Discipline during this stage should be a demonstration of love, not anger. The toddler needs limits set on unacceptable demands, such limits offer security. He should be praised liberally, but only when deserved.
J. Things to expect:
1. Sphincter control begins at age 2.
2. All deciduous teeth erupt by 21 months - 2 years.
3. Pot-bellied appearance.
K. 18 months
1. Is in the “MY” stage. 2. Vocabulary of 25 words.
3. Walks independently 4. Can use a spoon.
5. Climbs.
Appropriate toys: Push/pull toys, blocks.
L. 24 months
1. Negativistic 2. Temper tantrums
3. Transitional object 4. 2-4 word sentences, 400 words
10. Manage temper tantrums: Ignore behavior, monitor for safety.
11. Toddler uses “NO” excessively and shows assertiveness. Is curious how parents will react to use of “NO”.
12. Overcriticizing and restricting the toddler may dampen his enthusiasm and increase shame and doubt.
13. Total sleep required is 12-14 hours. Sleep problems are common.
14. Toilet training
A. Consider emotional readiness
B. The toddler acts to please others, trusts enough to give up his body products, and begins autonomous behavior
C. Parents must be committed to establishing a toileting pattern and must communicate well with the toddler.
D. Offer PRAISE for success - NEVER punishment for any failure.
E. Don’t refer to bowel movements as being “dirty” or “yucky”. Excrement is the toddler’s first creation.
F. Introduce underpants as a badge of success and maturity.
G. Most toddlers achieve day dryness by age 18 months to 3 years and night dryness by ages 2-5. NEVER punish for “ACCIDENTS”. If toddler is not trained by age 5, seek further evaluation.
H. Toddler may fear being “sucked” into the toilet.
I. Teach proper wiping technique (front to back) and hand washing.
15. When the toddler starts climbing over the crib rails, switch to a bed.
16. Use locks on cabinets, keep handles away from edges of tables or stoves.
17. AVOID bean bag toys.
18. Appropriate toys: Nested toys, toys with parts that open and close. Toys designed for pounding such as play hammers and drums. Toy telephones, dolls. Provide the child with opportunities for positive imitative play. They enjoy simple songs with repetitive rhymes as well as moving in time to music. A musical activity should be scheduled into each day.
19. NUTRITION:
A. Toddler feeds himself, provide finger foods in small portions
B. Because of increased risk of aspiration avoid foods such as hot dogs, grapes, nuts and candy (or cut into small pieces).
C. Nutritional needs decrease because of slow growth period.
D. Child may become a picky eater. Nutritional content of food is important.
E. The toddler shouldn’t drink more than 24 ounces of milk a day in order to have room for other nutritious food.
Please pray for us that we do pass on May 18:tinkbll:
:smackingf These fluid and electrolytes are kicking my butt so any help would be appreciated.
lifeguard39120
3 Posts
anyone have any good ways to help with cardiac stuff??