Erik Erikson

[TABLE]

[TR]

[TD]Stage

[/TD]

[TD]Basic Conflict[/TD]

[TD]Important Events[/TD]

[TD]Outcome[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Infancy (birth to 18 months)[/TD]

[TD]Trust vs. Mistrust[/TD]

[TD]Feeding[/TD]

[TD]Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliabilty, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)[/TD]

[TD]Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt[/TD]

[TD]Toilet Training[/TD]

[TD]Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Preschool (3 to 5 years)[/TD]

[TD]Initiative vs. Guilt[/TD]

[TD]Exploration[/TD]

[TD]Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]School Age (6 to 11 years)[/TD]

[TD]Industry vs. Inferiority[/TD]

[TD]School[/TD]

[TD]Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Adolescence (12 to 18 years)[/TD]

[TD]Identity vs. Role Confusion[/TD]

[TD]Social Relationships[/TD]

[TD]Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)[/TD]

[TD]Intimacy vs. Isolation[/TD]

[TD]Relationships[/TD]

[TD]Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)[/TD]

[TD]Generativity vs. Stagnation[/TD]

[TD]Work and Parenthood[/TD]

[TD]Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.[/TD]

[/TR]

[TR]

[TD]Maturity(65 to death)[/TD]

[TD]Ego Integrity vs. Despair[/TD]

[TD]Reflection on Life[/TD]

[TD]Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

[/TD]

[/TR]

[/TABLE]

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Summary Chart