A&P 2 Summer

U.S.A. Michigan

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I just had my final exam for A&P 1 today. I got an A in the class and begin A&P 2 in 2 weeks. I dont know what the syllabus will be ( or who my Proff is) but Im planning on reading Chapter 16 The endocrine system in Human Anatomy & Phys 8th edition Marieb. before class starts. Anyone else taking A&P 2 this summer?

Hi everyone. I thought I would bring this thread back to the top.

Well, we have an exam on Respiratory and Digestive on Tue. This will be our 3 exam. I will have a paper to write pretty soon and another Lab exam coming in 1 more week.

Ive been studying for the Math Proficiency Test and plan on taking it tommorow. Im really nervous. I can do the math and took the practice exam. If it had been the real test I would have just passed. I hope the real test is similar to what the practice guide and the practice test are telling me .

Anyone else in A&P this summer?

Specializes in Labor and Delivery.

Hi Anne36 i took the mtp and passed i was so nervous but it is exactly like the practice test, i know it was a few years back but i doubt it has changed much :) i wouldn't sweat taht at all...now the a&p exam well maybe lol i just had my 3rd pathophysiology exam and it sucked it was on renal, nervous, liver, and GI so it was a lot and the tests are essay-specific amswers so...very nervous for results and should be studying for our final tahts the week after next but here i am :) good luck im sure you'll be fine !

I am so completely fatigued. I have not been getting enough sleep. Ive been working like a dog and I think it might backfire on me. I am making stupid mistakes now just because Im tired. I hope I can wake up my brain before the test begins.

Specializes in Labor and Delivery.

sometimes you feel liek that and it actually works out for you. what i mean is for me when i get pushed that far i kind of go on auto-pilot and sometimes it works out better for me.

Oh yes! I passed it on the first try. Such a relief to finally have one more roadblock behind me.

Specializes in Labor and Delivery.

Congrats! thats awesome i know its always such a relief :yeah:i passed my teas a few weeks ago and it was such a relief since i had putting it off until the bitter end

Can anyone give me the lowdown on Urinary as far as the nephron and the tubules go? I am having a hard time with the functions of the tubules and where the filtrates are passing. Im reading at the same time that the DCT reabsorbs water and that it leaves these tubules. It doesnt make any sense to me. IF the DCT is freely permeable to water and it is leaving, where is it going?

I have the Marieb book and it makes everything so complicated. I just want it in English!

Anne, don't quote me but I BELIEVE that from the DCT, when things get "reabsorbed" it means back into the bloodstream.

I HIGHLY recommend you get another book. Specifically, get vanders physiology. I just looked on amazon and you can get an older version's used copy for less than 15 dollars!

marieb is way too complicated.

Specializes in Emergency Nursing.

Yes, back into the bloodstream via the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta I am pretty certain.

Here is the Low Down as I have it in my notes:

It's a symphony of solute and water leaving and rejoining the filtrate as it proceeds from the nephron through the tubules to the collecting duct and out as urine. The two way nature of the movement of these elements is counter-current mechanism.

I don't think it's as complicated as gas-exchange in the respiratory, but it may be that you are having trouble because it's not a pure or balanced exchange; i.e. the point is not to have x of something leave and y of something enter according to a standard (atm, 760 mmHg). Rather, with the kidneys, everything is finely tuned according to the body's shifting needs for water, salt, blood volume and electrolytes.

PCT - Cuboidal epithelium, microvilli and many mitochondria. Function: resorption and secretion, its main function is water resorption. 65% of H2O is reclaimed here as well as some Na+, ions, nutrients and small proteins.

The Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle is, primarily for water reabsorption since it is freely permeable to water but not to NaCl. This H2O is sent back to the blood stream via the vasa recta. As this water leaves the filtrate, concentration and osmolality increase (to 1200 mOsm at turn of loop).

The Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle is, primarily for ion reabsorption. Na+, K+ and Cl- sent back to the blood via the vasa recta. It is largely impermeable to H2O but permits NaCl through (active transport, I think). As the NaCl leaves, the concentration and osmolality of the filtrate decrease (to about 100 mOsm) at DCT. This then is where urine is diluted.

Note that the epithelia change in the walls of the Ascending Limb from thick cuboidal to columnar.

DCT - Cuboidal epithelium with fewer microvilli than in PCT. Function: reabsorption of Na+, Ca+ and Cl-, but also secretion of nitrogenous wastes into filtrate for micturition as urine.

The CD is made up of cuboidal epithelia with and without microvilli. The cells with microvilli are responsible for the pH (acid-base balance) while the cells without microvilli are for osmolality (H2O-NaCl balance).

All of this is governed and regulated by intrinsic controls (Renal Auto-Regulatory, chiefly the Renin-Angiotensin System, I believe, which also effects the MAP of renal vascularization as well as Na+ reabsorption) and by hydrostatic pressure in the glomeruli (driving GFR) but also by endocrine regulation of filtrate/urine formation in the PCT and CD (Ca+ regulated by PTH [remember from skeletal system?], H2O regulated by ADH and Na+ regulated by both Aldosterone and ANP).

So, water and ions, and nutrients are constantly flowing in and out of the filtrate (glucose and amino acids out only, being reabsorbed and consumed or recycled).

Secretion is more or less the opposite of all this, the point being the expulsion of nitrogenous wastes, toxins, and excess water. it happens all throughout the process but mostly in the PCT and CD if my information is correct.

Thanks, I think Im starting to get a grip on this now.

I just applied to the LPN program yesterday.

Anne what all did you need to have completed to apply to the LPN program? Is it the same as the RN program??

I dont know about the similarities to the RN program. The RN is 1 year longer. There is a LPN/RN bridge that I may complete later on depending on my financial stability. Im going the short route now because I need to be working as soon as possible.

There are 6 pre-reqs classes to complete for the LPN and 12 for the RN. (aside from assuming you already have basic BIO, Chem, and Algebra down) I should point out that now they have made it mandatory to pass a BIO proficiency test to get into the science classes needed and from what I have been told it is very hard and almost nobody passes it. So, I guess starting this year you can tac on the Basic BIO class even if you had it in High School.

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