Critical Thinking Snapshot II

Nurses General Nursing

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like the thread started by betts this will be an exercise in critical thinking and clinical assessment/decision making. what i will do here is relate day by day a patient story. each time i post i will disclose more information just as would occur in real life. your responses will not affect the story. what will make this challenging for all is that the setting is rural/remaote area nursing.

place: small country hospital 3 hours drive from nearest "base" hospital. you do not have access to ct only x-ray machine -operated by rn's with "x-ray certification". no full time medical officer - local general practitioner "covers" the hospital for after hours on-call emergencies.

the story:- john p is escorted by police to your hospital at 2315. the background stroy you get from the police is that he has been in a drunken argument after consuming a "large amount" of beer at the local pub. john p has a large profusely bleeding scalp wound. he has slurred speech - reeks of alcohol and has a glasgow coma score (gcs)of 11/14. eye opening - 3/4 will only open eyes when you call him. verbal response 4/5 - confused, mostly slurrd swearing and abuse. motor response 4/5 not obeying but he is scored at this because every time you ask him to "squeeze your hand" he becomes abusive and tells you where to go. the medical officer is notified. he does not come in to see the patient. the wound is cleaned and sutured by the nursing staff and the patient is admitted "for observation" overnight.

Specializes in ICU.

0500 gcs dropped from 11 to 6/14 - very difficult to rouse requiring deep and prolonged noxious stimuli to get his eyes to open., he is no longer making any sounds and he is only showing abnormal flexion with application of painful stimuli. pupils are now unequal. the local gp is contacted immediately

0600 he is being flown by air ambulance to the nearest base hospital.

0700 the police inform the nursing staff the mechanism of injury. he was thrown head first into a brick wall.

Specializes in ER,Neurology, Endocrinology, Pulmonology.

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Nice of them to make that revelation, when the guy is on his deathbed.

Doesn"t the Glasgow Coma Score total 15, not 14? Or is there a different one used in your hospital?

Glasgow Coma Score

The GCS is scored between 3 and 15, 3 being the worst, and 15 the best. It is composed of three parameters : Best Eye Response, Best Verbal Response, Best Motor Response, as given below :

Best Eye Response. (4)

No eye opening.

Eye opening to pain.

Eye opening to verbal command.

Eyes open spontaneously.

Best Verbal Response. (5)

No verbal response

Incomprehensible sounds.

Inappropriate words.

Confused

Orientated

Best Motor Response. (6)

No motor response.

Extension to pain.

Flexion to pain.

Withdrawal from pain.

Localising pain.

Obeys Commands.

Note that the phrase 'GCS of 11' is essentially meaningless, and it is important to break the figure down into its components, such as E3V3M5 = GCS 11.

A Coma Score of 13 or higher correlates with a mild brain injury, 9 to 12 is a moderate injury and 8 or less a severe brain injury.

Teasdale G., Jennett B., LANCET (ii) 81-83, 1974.

What was the outcome gwenith

Specializes in ICU.

Sammysue - although a GCS is often out of 15 some hospitals use an adapted number 14. The section left out is withdrawal the reason it is left out of some coma scores is that it is considered difficult to truly distinguish between withdrawal and abnormal flexion.( Lindsay Bone and Callander 1997) One of the problems with the coma score is this variance between facilities. Here in Australia we even have the "Adelaide childrens score" which adapts the standard GCS for children under three. This makes it vitally important to tell the person not only what the score is but what referrence renge you are using.

Sanakruz - one of the reasons why I remember this case so vividly is that I was working at the recieving hospital. We got him too late - he was brain dead from an epidural haematoma. Sad outcome not only for him and his family but the guy who caused the injury as he was subsequently charged with murder not manslaughter or GBH. Such is the law here.

The lessons to be "learnt" from this tale are

A) the importance of trying to ascertain the mechanism of the injury. - I feel sure that anyone who heard HOW he hit his head would have been MORE vigilant and MORE suspicious about adverse outcome and

B) Although he was intoxicated at the time of the injury he sould have become more compliant and more rational as time went on and the alcohol was metabolised from his system. As you can see it was 5 hours after admission and he had not improved his GCS from admission. This should have sent warning bells. But as I stated hindsight is 100% correct.

Even our neurosurgeon kept saying - if they had done burr holes even when his pupil blew they could have saved him. We will never know. It was a small country hospital and epidural bleeds are notorious for "fooling" the staff.

This is very sad.

Alcohol always fuels violence of this type.

I love these gwenith, give us another one!

Specializes in ER.

At a small hospital drilling burr holes would be about as safe as taking a mallet and chisel to his head. I don't think our hospital has the equipment to do it, and definitely know that nursing has no idea what to do with the holes afterwards. He was unchanged at 0430, I think our hospital wouldn't have done anything until 0500 either. I would also account for his lack of improvement CNS wise with the fact that it was the middle of the night, he was sleepy and didn't want to wake up for that @#$% nurses asking stupid questions. Would definitely be concerned if he was getting worse though. Even if they had known the mechanism of injury do you think they would have transported him sooner?

Specializes in ICU.

It is one of those cases where we will never know. Classically an epidural or as some texts call it an extradural bleed has a "talk and die " pattern but this only occurs in approx 1/3 of cases (texts vary with the percentage quoted) It is more common for the patient to be admitted with a decreased level of consciousness that either does not improve or deteriorates over time. These are most commonly an acute phenomena occuring within minutes to hours of the initial injury. It is possible ot perform Burr holes in a rural setting but as canoehead pointed out it is far from ideal. These are the cases you pray you don't get in a rural hospital.

Specializes in ICU.

Canoehead - Sorry but I forgot you were also in a rural hospital.

Here is the website for the Australian Neurosurgical Society it has a booklet available free that has been written for Australian rural and remote area medicine and nursing.

http://www.nsa.on.net/

Hope this helps all of my colleagues working in rural and remote areas - my hat, as always, is off to you,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

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