APA Format ! Hope you find this useful.

[tigress_8207, ASN, BSN]

Hi all one of my tutors was kind enough to e-mail me some info on the APA format which really helped me tremendously with my assignments so i have decide to send it to you guys and hope it can help you too in some way.Tried the attachment tab but just can't figure it out so i'm copying and pasting it instead.

Guidelines for Writing assignments

using the APA style

Good writing is an art and a craft; to achieve clear communication, you must be able to

present your ideas in an orderly manner, saying precisely what you want to say in a smooth and

logical way. There are many types of writing styles, and using the APA format brings some

order and consistency to the way your papers are presented and marked. The requirement for the

APA style is explicit, but it does not stifle creativity in writing. It provides a standard format

which should be used for the presentation of work for any programme at the college. This

booklet will outline the APA format for use on the courses offered at the college.

Purpose of assignments

Writing assignments is an extremely important component of a course. Assignment

writing helps promote your power of expression and at the same time enables you (and your

tutor) to determine your progress. Writing about a subject also helps you to improve your

understanding of an issue.

Form of assignments

They usually begin with a title, follow an argument and finish with a conclusion. It is

important that you plan your assignments carefully.

# Look very carefully at the wording of the title and make sure that you attempt to

answer the question.

# Do not begin to write until you have made copious notes and given yourself time to

think carefully about what you have read.

# It is always better to have too many notes than to have too few.

# The better the plan you produce, the better the finish product.

Assignments may be divided into a minimum of three parts.

Part 1: the introduction.

The first few paragraphs should >set the scene' of the essay. It should be brief, clear and to

the point. Use short lucid sentences.

Part 2: the substance of the essay.

This may be in one part or in several parts, depending upon the length and type of

assignment that you are writing. For example, in an argument, you may be expected to deliver an

argument for and against a topic. In this part of the essay you are expected to enlarge on your

introduction, picking up the points mentioned at that time.

Discuss the literature, but do not include an exhaustive historical review. Assume that

the reader is knowledgeable and does not require a complete digest. Cite and reference only

works pertinent to the specific issue, and not works of only general significance. Do not let the

goal of brevity mislead you into writing an essay that is intelligible only to the specialist. Do not

try to justify your work by citing established authorities out of context.

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Part 3: the conclusion.

This is a reflection back to the essay title and a summary of all your facts and arguments.

You may need to commit yourself at this stage, it depends upon the type of essay you were asked

to write. Always make a rough copy of an essay and correct any spelling mistakes and

grammatical errors before typing a final copy. It is advisable to get a second person to read it

through for you. Their task is to spot spelling and grammatical errors you may have missed.

Always include a reference list: use the APA style of referencing.

Writing papers -APA Style

The essay must be typed on one side of standard-sizes paper (letter size - 8 ½ X 11 ins).

All pages of the essay must be of the same size. Use a standard font - Times New Roman 12 pt

is the preferred font and size. Do not use a compressed font or any settings in the word-processor

programme that would increase or decrease the spacing between words or letters.

All text must be doubled-Spaced and left Justified ONLY. Never use single spacing or

one-and-a-half spacing. Margins should be 1 in (2.54 cm) from the top, bottom, left and right

of every page. For documents that are bound, a left margin of 1.25 in is acceptable. Do NOT

justify lines. Never use the word-processing feature that adjusts spacing between words to make

all lines the same length (flush with the margins). Left justify the text and leave the right margin

uneven or ragged.

Indent the first line of every paragraph. For consistency, use the tab key or the first line

indent feature of the word-processor. The indent should be set at five or seven spaces or ½ in.

Type the remaining lines to a uniform left margin.

Page Headers and Page Numbers

Number all pages in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) in the upper right hand corner of the page.

The number should appear at least 1 in. from the right hand edge of the page, in the space

between the top edge of the paper and the first line of text. The default setting of most word-

processing programmes is acceptable. DO NOT number pages with "6a", in order to insert a

page. Pages are sometimes separated during the marking process, so identify each page with

your student ID number (or surname) in the upper right-hand corner above or five spaces to the

left of the page number. Use the header and footer option of the word-processor to create the

header.

Order of pages

Number all pages except the title page. Arrange the pages in the essay as follows:

* Title page - this must have the title of the paper, institution name, student name/ID

number, name of tutor, course name and code, date of submission.

* Text - (Start on a separate page numbered page 1)

* References -(Start on a separate page)

* Appendices -(Start on a separate page)

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Headings

Articles in APA format use from one to five levels of headings, formatted as follows:

CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING (Level 5)

Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1)

Centered, Italicised, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 2)

Flush Left, Italicised, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3)

Indented, italicised, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4)

For short essay papers, one level of heading may be sufficient. In such cases, use only the

centered uppercase and lower case headings (level 1) e.g.

Apparatus and Procedure

For longer papers two levels of headings may meet the requirements. Use level 1 and

Level 3 headings, e.g.:

Participants

Procedure

Some articles may require three levels of headings. When this is necessary, use Level 1,

Level 3 and Level 4 headings, e.g.:

Method

Apparatus and Procedure

Participants.

Use of Abbreviations

A term to be abbreviated must, on its first appearance, be spelled out completely and

followed immediately by its abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, the abbreviation may be

used in text without further explanation.

The APA Style permits the use of abbreviations that appear as word entries (i.e., that are

not labelled abbr) in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1981). Such abbreviations do not

need explanation in text. Examples:

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IQ LSD REM ESP

Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list for parts of books and other publications

include

chap. chapter

ed. edition

Rev. ed. revised edition

2nd ed. Second edition

Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors)

Trans. Translator(s)

n.d. no date

p. (pp.) page (pages)

Vol. Volume (as in Vol. 4)

vols. volumes (as in 4 vols.)

No. Number

Pt. Part

Tech. Rep. Technical Report

Suppl. Supplement

Latin Abbreviations

Use the following standard Latin abbreviations only in parenthetical material; in non-

parenthetical material, use the English translation of Latin terms:

cf -compare i.e., that is

e.g., for example viz., namely

etc. and so forth vs. versus or against

Exception : In the reference list and in text, use the Latin abbreviation et al. (note the

period after "al."), which means Aand others@ in nonparenthetical as well as parenthetical

material.

Abbreviations of Units of Measurement

Use abbreviations for metric and nonmetric units that are accompanied by numeric values

(e.g., 4 cm, 12 lb).

Quotations

Material quoted from another author's work or from one's own previously published

work, material duplicated from a test item, and verbatim instructions to subjects should be

reproduced word for word.

Incorporate a short quotation (fewer than 40 words) in text and enclose the quotation with

double quotation marks.

Display a quotation of more than 40 words in a free-standing block of type written lines

and omit quotation marks. Start such a block quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from

the left margin. Type the entire quotation double-spaced on the new margin and indent the first

line of any subsequent paragraphs within the quotation five spaces from the new margin.

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When quoting, always provide the author, year, and specific page citation in the text and

include a complete reference in the reference list. Direct quotations must be accurate. The

quotation must follow the wording, spelling, and interior punctuation of the original source, even

if the source is incorrect.

If any incorrect spelling, punctuation, or grammar in the source might confuse readers,

insert the word sic, underlined and bracketed (i.e., [sic]), immediately after the error in the

quotation. Always check the typed copy against the source to ensure that no discrepancies occur.

Examples of quotations:

Quotation 1

He stated, AThe >placebo effect', ... disappeared when behaviours were studied in this manner@

(Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviours were studied.

Quotation 2

Smith (1982) found that Athe >placebo effect,' which had been verified in previous studies,

disappeared when [his own and other's] behaviours were studied in this manner@ (p. 276).

Quotation 3

Smith (1982) found the following:

The Aplacebo effect,@ which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when

behaviours were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviours, were never

exhibited again, even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies were

clearly premature in attributing the results to the placebo effect. (P. 276)

Numbers Expressed in Figures

Use figures to express

$ all numbers 10 and above, e.g.,

12 cm wide the remaining 10%

13 lists 25 years old

$ all numbers below ten that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above

(and appear in the same paragraph). For example:

3 of 21 analyses

of 10 conditions ... the 5-condition

5 and 13 lines

Numbers expressed in words

Use words to express:

$ number below 10 that do not represent precise measurements and that are not grouped

for comparison with numbers 10 and above.

For example:

two or three times before

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the only one who

three-way interaction

$ any number that begins a sentence, title or heading. For example:

Ten subjects participated

Four subjects improved, and 4 subjects did not improve.

$ Common fractions. For example:

one fifth of the class

two-thirds majority

Reference Citations in Text

Document your study throughout the text by citing by author and date the works you

researched. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables them to

locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of an article.

One Work by One Author

APA journals use the author-date method of citation; that is, the surname of the author

(do not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the

appropriate point:

Rogers (1994) compared reaction times

In a recent study of reaction times (Rogers, 1994)

If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative, as in the first example, cite only

the year of publication in parentheses. Otherwise, place both the name and the year, separated by

a comma, in parentheses (as in the second example). Include only the year, even if the reference

includes month and year. In the rare case in which both the year and the author are given as part

of the textual discussion, do not add parenthetical information.

In 1994 Rogers compared

Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent references to a study as

long as the study cannot be confused with other studies cited in the article:

In a recent study of reaction times, Rogers (1994) described the method. . . . Rogers also

found

One Work by Multiple Authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs

in text.

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the

reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by

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Aet al.@ (not underlined and with a period after Aal.@) and the year if it is the first citation of the

reference within a paragraph:

Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found [first citation in text]

Wasserstein et al. (1994) found [subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter]

Wasserstein et al. found [omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a

paragraph]

Exception: If two references with the same year shorten to the same form (e.g., both

Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1994, and Bradley, Soo, Ramirez, & Brown, 1994, shorten to Bradley

et al., 1994), cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as

necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and Aet al.@:

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1994) and Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)

When a work has six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author

followed by Aet al.@ and the year for the first and subsequent citations. (In the reference list,

however, provide the initials and surnames of each author.)

If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of

the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as are necessary to distinguish the two

references, followed by Aet al.@ For example, suppose you have entries for the following

references:

Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrieli (1992)

Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, Tang, Marsolek, and Daly (1992)

In text you would cite them, respectively, as

Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1992) and

Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1992)

Join the names in a multiple-author citation in running text by the word and. In

parenthetical material, in tables and captions, and in the reference list, join the names by an

ampersand (&):

as Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated

as has been shown (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1989)

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Groups as Authors

The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations, associations, government

agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. The

names of some group authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter. In

deciding whether to abbreviate the name of a group author, use the general rule that you need to

give enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list

without difficulty. If the name is long and cumbersome and if the abbreviation is familiar or

readily understandable, you may abbreviate the name in the second and subsequent citations. If

the name is short or if the abbreviation would not be readily understandable, write out the name

each time it occurs.

Example of citing a group author (e.g., association, government agency) that is readily

identified by its abbreviation:

Entry in reference list:

National Institute of Mental Health. (1991)

First text citation:

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1991)

Subsequent text citations:

(NIMH, 1991)

Example of citing a group author in full:

Entry in reference list:

University of Pittsburgh. (1993)

All text citations:

(University of Pittsburgh, 1993)

Works With No Author (Including Legal Materials) or With an Anonymous Author

When a work has no author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry

(usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or

chapter, and underline the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report:

on free care (AStudy Finds,@ 1982)

the book "College Bound Seniors" (1979)

Treat references to legal materials like references to works with no author; that is, in text,

cite materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation by the first few words of the reference

and the year (see Appendix 3-B for the format of text citations and references for legal materials).

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When a work's author is designated as AAnonymous,@ cite in text the word

Anonymous followed by a comma and the date:

(Anonymous, 1993)

In the reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous.

Authors with the Same Surname

If a reference list includes publications by two or more primary authors with the same

surname, include the first author's initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication

differs. Initials help the reader to avoid confusion within the text and to locate the entry in the list

of references.

F. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found

J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. F. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied

Two or More Works within the Same Parentheses

Order the citations of two or more works within the same parentheses in the same order in

which they appear in the reference list according to the following guidelines.

Arrange two or more works by the same authors in the same order by year of

publication. Place in-press citations last. Give the authors' surnames once; for each subsequent

work, give only the date.

Past research (Edeline & Weinberger, 1991, 1993)

Past research (Cogel, 1984, 1990, in press)

Identify works by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same

order) with the same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year; repeat

the year. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list, where these kinds of references are

ordered alphabetically by the title (of the article, chapter or complete work) that immediately

follows the date element.

Several studies (Zola-Morgan & Squire, 1986, 1990, in press-a, in press-b)

Several studies (Johnson, l991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983, in press-a, in press-b)

List two or more works by different authors who are cited within the same parentheses

in alphabetical order by the first author's surname. Separate the citations by semicolons.

Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg & Funk, 1990)

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Exception: You may separate a major citation from other citations within parentheses by

inserting a phrase, such as Asee also@ before the first of the remaining citations, which should be

in alphabetical order:

(Overmier, 1993; see also Abeles, 1992; Storandt, 1990)

Classical Works

When a work has no date of publication, cite in text the author's name, followed by a

comma and n.d. for Ano date.@ When a date of publication is inapplicable, such as for some very

old works, cite the year of the translation you used, preceded by trans., or the year of the version

you used, followed by version. When you know the original date of publication, include this in

the citation.

(Aristotle, trans. 1931)

James (1890/1983)

Reference entries are not required for major classical works, such as ancient Greek and

Roman works and the Bible; simply identify in the first citation in the text the version you used.

Parts of classical works (e.g., books, chapters, verses, lines, cantos) are numbered systematically

across all editions, so use these numbers instead of page numbers when referring to specific parts

of your source:

1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version)

Specific Parts of a Source

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at

the appropriate point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations. Note that the words page

and chapter are abbreviated in such text citations:

(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)

(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)

To cite parts of classical works, use the specific line, book, and section numbers as

appropriate, and do not provide page numbers, even for direct quotations.

Personal Communications

Personal communications may be letters, memos, some electronic communications (e.g.,

E-mail, discussion groups, messages from electronic bulletin boards), telephone conversations,

and the like. Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not

included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well

as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible:

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K. W. Schaie (personal communication, April 18, 1993)

(V.-G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1993)

Reference List

The reference list at the end of an essay documents the article and provides the

information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Students should choose references

judiciously and must include only the sources that were used in the research and preparation of

the article. Note that a reference list cites works that specifically support a particular article. In

contrast, a bibliography cites works for background or for further reading and may include

descriptive notes. The APA format require reference lists, not bibliographies.

Agreement of Text and Reference List

References cited in text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in

the reference list must be cited in text. Students must make certain that each source

referenced appears in both places and that the text citation and reference list entry are identical in

spelling and year.

Construction of an Accurate and Complete Reference List

Because one purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the

sources, reference data must be correct and complete. Each entry usually contains all the

information necessary for unique identification and library search. The best way to ensure that

information is accurate and complete is to check each reference carefully against the original

publication. Give special attention to spelling of proper names and of words in foreign languages,

including accents or other special marks, and to completeness of journal titles, years, volume

numbers, and page numbers.

The reference list must be double-spaced, and entries must have a hanging indent. All

entries are arranged in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.

Arabic numerals. Although some volume numbers of books and journals are given in

roman numerals, APA format use arabic numerals (e.g., Vol. 3, not Vol. III). A roman numeral

that is part of a title should remain roman (e.g., Attention and Performance XIII).

Order of References in the Reference List

The principles for arranging entries in a reference list are described next.

Alphabetizing names. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first

author, using the following rules for special cases:

$ Alphabetize letter by letter. Remember, however, that Anothing precedes something@:

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Brown, J. R., precedes Browning, A. R., even though i precedes j in the alphabet.

$ Alphabetize the prefixes M=, Mc, and Mac literally, not as if they were all spelled Mac.

Disregard the apostrophe: MacArthur precedes McAllister, and MacNeil precedes

M'Carthy.

$ Alphabetize surnames that contain articles and prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc.)

according to the rules of the language of origin. If you know that a prefix is commonly part of

the surname (e.g., De Vries), treat the prefix as part of the last name and alphabetize by the

prefix (e.g., DeBase precedes De Vries). If the prefix is not customarily used (e.g., Helmholtz

rather than von Helmholtz), disregard it in the alphabetization and treat the prefix as part of

the middle name (e.g., Helmholtz, H. L. F. von).

$ Alphabetize entries with numerals as if the numerals were spelled out.

Order of several works by the same first author. When ordering several works by the

same first author, give the author's name in the first and all subsequent references, and use the

following rules to arrange the entries:

$ One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest

first:

Kim, L. S. (1991).

Kim, L. S. (1994).

$ One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same

surname:

Kaufman, J. F. (1991).

Kaufman, J. R., & Cochran, D. F. (1987).

$ References with the same first author and different second or third authors are

arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author, and so on:

Kaufman, J. F., Jones, K., & Cochran, D. F. (1992)

Kaufman, J. F., & Wong, D. F. (1989).

Letterman, U., Hall, A., & Leno, J. (1993).

Letterman, U., Hall, A., & Seinfeld, J. (1993).

$ References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication,

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the earliest first:

Kaufman, J. F., & Jones, K. (1987).

Kaufman, J. F., & Jones, K. (1990).

$ References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same

order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A

or The) that follows the date.

Exception: If the references with the same authors published in the same year are

identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series order,

not alphabetically by title.

Lowercase letters a, b, c, nd so on are placed immediately after the year, within the

parentheses.

Kaufman, J. F. (l990a). Control . . .

Kaufman, J. F. (1990b). Roles of . . .

Order of several works by different first authors with the same surname. Works by

different authors with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial:

Eliot, A. L., & Wallston, J. (1983).

Eliot, G. F., & Ahlers, F. J. (1980).

Note: Include initials with the surname of the first author in the text citations

Order of works with group authors or with no authors. Occasionally a work will have as

its author an agency, association, or institution, or it will have no author at all.

Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the first

significant word of the name. Full official names should be used (e.g., American Psychological

Association, not APA). Parent body precedes a subdivision (e.g., University of Michigan,

Department of Psychology).

If, and only if the work is signed AAnonymous@ the entry begins with the word

Anonymous spelled out, and the entry is alphabetized as if Anonymous were a true name. If there

is no author, the title moves to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first

significant word of the title.

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Application of APA Reference Style

General Forms

Periodical:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.(1994) . Title of article. Title of Periodical. xx.

xxx-xxx.

Periodicals include items published on a regular basis: journals, magazines, scholarly

newsletters, and so on.

Nonperiodical:

Author, A. A. (1994). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., book chapter):

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1994). Title of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor

(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

Nonperiodicals include items published separately: books, reports, brochures, certain

monographs, manuals, and audiovisual media.

Authors

Periodical:

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. -R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-

esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal

of Personality and Social Psychology. 65. 1190-1204.

Nonperiodical:

Robinson, D. N. (Ed.). (1992). Social discourse and moral judgment. San Diego, CA: Academic

Press.

$ Invert all authors' names; give surnames and initials for all authors, regardless of the

number of authors. (However, in text, when authors number six or more, abbreviate

second and subsequent authors as Aet al@. [not underlined and with a period after Aal@].)

$ If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a period after

each initial.

$ Use commas to separate authors, to separate surnames and initials, and to separate

initials and suffixes (e.g., Jr. and III); with two or more authors, use an ampersand (&)

before the last author.

$ Spell out the full name of a group author (e.g., Australian In Vitro Fertilization

Collaborative Group; National Institute of Mental Health).

$

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If authors are listed with the word with, include them in the reference, for example,

Bulatao, F. (with Winford, C.A.). The text citation, however, refers to the primary

author only.

$ In a reference to an edited book, place the editors' names in the author position, and

enclose the abbreviation AEd@ or AEds.@ in parentheses after the last editor's name.

$ In a reference to a work with no author, move the title to the author position, before the

date of publication.

$ Finish the element with a period. In a reference to a work with a group author (e.g.,

study group, government agency, association, corporation), the period follows the

author element. In a reference to an edited book, the period follows the parenthetical

abbreviation A(Eds.)@ In a reference to a work with no author, the period follows the

title, which is moved to the author position. (When an author's initial with a period

ends the element, do not add an extra period.)

Publication Date

Fowers, B. J., & Olson, U. H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and

clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology. 7. 176-185. [journals, books, audiovisual media]

(1993, June) . -meetings; monthly magazines, newsletters, and newspapers

(1994, September 28). -dailies and weeklies

(in press). -any work accepted for publication but not yet printed

(1923/1961). -republished works

$ Give in parentheses the year the work was copyrighted (for unpublished works, this is the

year the work was produced).

$ For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, give the year followed by the exact date on the

publication (month or month and day), in parentheses.

$ Write Ain press@ in parentheses for articles that have been accepted for publication but that

have not yet been published. Do not give a date until the article has actually been published.

$ For papers and posters presented at meetings, give the year and month of the meeting,

separated by a comma and enclosed in parentheses.

$ If no date is available, write An.d.@ in parentheses.

$ Finish the element with a period after the closing parenthesis.

Title of Article or Chapter

Periodical:

Deutsch, F. M., Lussier, J. B., & Servis, L.J. (1993). Husbands at home: Predictors of paternal

participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 65.

1154-1166.

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Nonperiodical:

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for

healing, transition, and transformation. In B. F. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life

cycle (pp. 107-123) . New York: Springer.

$ Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names; do

not underline the title or place quotation marks around it.

$ Enclose nonroutine information that is important for identification and retrieval in brackets

immediately after the article title. Brackets indicate a description of form, not a title.

$ Finish the element with a period.

Title of Work and Publication Information: Periodicals

Journal:

Buss, U. M., & Schmitt, U. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on

human mating. Psychological Review. 100. 204-232.

Magazine:

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time. 135. 28-31.

$ Give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters.

$ Give the volume number of journals, magazines, and newsletters. Do not use AVol.@ before

the number. If, and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page u, give the issue number in

parentheses immediately after the volume number.

$ Italicise the name of the periodical and the volume number, if any.

$ If a journal or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season, or other

designation with the year, for example, (1994, April)

$ Give inclusive page numbers. Use App.@ before the page numbers in references to

newspapers. (Note that in electronic sources, page numbers are often not relevant.

$ Use commas after the title and volume number.

$ Finish the element with a period.

Title of Work: Nonperiodicals

Saxe, C. B. (1991). Cultural and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding.

Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

$ Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names;

underline the title.

$ Enclose additional information given on the publication for its identification and retrieval

(e.g., edition, report number, volume number) in parentheses immediately after the title. Do

Page -16

not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information; do not underline the

parenthetical information.

$ If a volume is part of a larger, separately titled series or collection, treat the series and volume

titles as a two-part title

$ Finish the element with a period.

Title of Work: Part of a Nonperiodical (Book Chapters)

The title element for an edited book consists of (a) the name of the editor (if any)

preceded by the word In and (b) the book title with parenthetical information.

Editor:

Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, 0. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw

(Ed.),Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552) . Washington, DC: American

Psychiatric Press.

$ Because the editor's name is not in the author position, do not invert the name; use initials

and surname. Give initials and surnames for all editors.

$ With two names, use an ampersand (&) before the second surname, and do not use commas

to separate the names. With three or more names, use an ampersand before the final surname,

and use commas to separate the names.

$ Identify the editor by the abbreviation AEd.@ in parentheses after the surname.

$ For a book with no editor, simply include the word In before the book title.

$ Finish this part of the element with a comma.

Book title with parenthetical information:

Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, 0. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.),

Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC: American

Psychiatric Press.

$ Give inclusive page numbers of the article or chapter in parentheses after the title.

$ If additional information printed on the publication is necessary for retrieval (e.g., edition,

report number, or volume number), this information precedes the page numbers within the

parentheses and is followed by a comma.

$ Finish the element with a period.

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Electronic Media and URLs

Sources on the Internet. The Internet is a worldwide network of interconnected computers.

Although there are a number of methods for navigating and sharing information across the

Internet, by far the most popular and familiar is the graphical interface of the World Wide Web.

The vast majority of Internet sources cited in APA journals are those that are accessed via the

Web.

The variety of material available on the Web, and the variety of ways in which it is structured and

presented, can present challenges for creating usable and useful references. Regardless of format,

however, authors using and citing Internet sources should observe the following two guidelines:

1. Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific

documents rather than home or menu pages.

2. Provide addresses that work.

Documents available via the Internet include articles from periodicals (e.g., newspaper,

newsletter, or journal); they may stand on their own (e.g., research paper, government report,

online book or brochure); or they may have a quintessentially Web-based format (e.g., Web page,

newsgroup).

At a minimum, a reference of an Internet source should provide a document title or description, a

date (either the date of publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an address (in Internet

terms, a uniform resource locator, or URL). Whenever possible, identify the authors of a

document as well.

The URL is the most critical element: If it doesn't work, readers won't be able to find the cited

material, and the credibility of your paper or argument will suffer. The most common reason

URLs fail is that they are transcribed or typed incorrectly; the second most common reason is that

the document they point to has been moved or deleted.

The components of a URL are as follows:

The protocol indicates what method a Web browser (or other type of Internet software) should

use to exchange data with the file server on which the desired document resides. The protocols

recognized by most browsers are hypertext transfer protocol (http), hypertext transfer protocol

secure (https), and file transfer protocol (ftp); other Internet protocols include telnet and gopher.

In a URL, all of the protocols listed in this paragraph should be followed by a colon and two

forward slashes (e.g., http://).

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The host name identifies the server on which the files reside. On the Web, it is often the address

for an organization's home page (e.g., http://www.apa.org is the address for APA's home page).

Although most host names start with "www,'' not all do (for example, http://journals.apa.org is

the home page for APA's electronic journals, and http://members.apa.org is the entry page to the

members-only portion of the APA site). The host name is not case sensitive; for consistency and

ease of reading, always type it in lowercase letters.

The rest of the address indicates the directory path leading to the desired document. This part of

the URL is case sensitive; faithfully reproduce uppercase and lowercase letters and all

punctuation. It is important to provide the directory path, and not just the host name, because

home pages and menu pages typically consist mainly of links, only one of which may be to the

document or information you want the readers to find. If there are hundreds of links (or even just

10 to 20), readers may give up in frustration before they have located the material you are citing.

If you are using a word-processing program, the easiest way to transcribe a URL correctly is to

copy it directly from the address window in your browser and paste it into your paper (make sure

the automatic hyphenation feature of your word processor is turned off). Do not insert a hyphen if

you need to break a URL across lines; instead, break the URL after a slash or before a period.

Test the URLs in your references regularly when you first draft a paper, when you submit it for

peer review, when you're preparing the final version for publication, and when you're reviewing

the proofs. If the document you are citing has moved, update the URL so that it points to the

correct location. If the document is no longer available, you may want to substitute another

source (e.g., if you originally cited a draft and a formally published version now exists) or drop it

from the paper altogether.

General Form for Electronic References

Note: Some elements of the 5th edition's style guidelines for electronic resources differ from

previously published guidelines.

Electronic sources include aggregated databases, online journals, Web sites or Web pages,

newsgroups, Web-or e-mail-based discussion groups, and Web-or e-mail-based newsletters.

Online periodical:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000).

Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxxxxx.

Retrieved month, day, year, from source.

Online document:

Author, A. A. (2000).

Title of work.

Retrieved month, day, year, from source.

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APA Reference Lists

The reference list at the end of an essay documents the essay and provides the information

necessary to identify and retrieve each source. References should be chosen judiciously and must

include only the sources that were used in the research and preparation of the article. In contrast

a bibliography cites works for background or further reading and will include works not cited in

the essay.

References cited in text MUST appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the

reference list must be cited in the text. You must make certain that each source referenced

appears in both places and that the text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling

and year.

Start the reference list on a new page with the word References in uppercase and

lowercase letters, centered, at the top of the page. Double space all reference entries in a hanging

indent; that is the first line of each reference set flush left and subsequent lines are indented.

The examples of references, are single-spaced to save space in this Extract. In an essay or

paper, all references are to be double-spaced.

A. Periodicals

Elements of a reference to a periodical

Herman, L. M., Kuczaj, S. A., III, & Holder, M. D. (1993). Responses to anomalous gestural

sequences by a. language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations

and syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122. 184-194.

Note: For treatment of electronic periodicals, see Section I.

Article authors: Herman, L. M., Kuczaj, S. A., III, & Holder, H. D.

Date of publication: (1993)

Article title: Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin:

Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information.

* Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names; do

not underline the title or place quotation marks around it.

* Enclose nonroutine information that is important for identification and retrieval in brackets

immediately after the article title (e.g., [Letter to the editor], see Example ii). Brackets

indicate a description of form, not a title.

* Finish the element with a period.

Periodical title and publication information: Experimental Psychology: General. 122. 184-194.

Page -20

Examples of references to periodicals

1. Journal article, one author

Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness. American Psychologist. 48, 574-576.

2. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting

Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. 45 (2), 10-36.

3. Journal article, three to five authors

Borman, W. C., Hanson, H. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of

early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology,

78, 443-449.

4. Journal article, six or more authors

Kneip, R. C., Delamater, A. H., Ismond, T., Milford, C., Salvia, L., & Schwartz, D. (1993). Self-

and spouse ratings of anger and hostility as predictors of coronary heart disease. Health

Psychology, 12, 301-307.

* In text, use the following parenthetical citation each time (including the first) the work is

cited: (Kneip et al., 1993)

5. Journal article in press

Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominence

imply dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

* Do not give a year, a volume, or page numbers until the article is published. In text, use the

following parenthetical citation: (Zuckerman & Kieffer, in press)

* If another reference by the same author (or same order of authors for multiple authors) is

included in the list of references, place the in-press entry after the off-press (published)

entry. If there is more than one in-press reference, list the entries alphabetically by the first

word after the date element, and assign lowercase letter suffixes to the date element (e.g., in

press -a).

6. Magazine article

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.

* Give the date shown on the publication -month for monthlies or month and day for

weeklies.

* Give the volume number.

7. Newsletter article

Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). Antidomination training as a central component of diversity in

clinical psychology education. The Clinical Psychologist, 46, 83-87.

Page -21

* Give the date as it appears on the issue.

* Give a volume number.

8. Newsletter article, no author

The new health-care lexicon. (1993, August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 1-2.

* Alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title.

* In text, use a short title (or the full title if it is short) for the parenthetical citation:

("The New Health-Care Lexicon," 1993).

* Give a volume number.

9. Daily newspaper article, no author

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington

Post, p. Al2.

* Alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title.

* In text, use a short title for the parenthetical citation: ("New Drug", 1993).

* Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with "p." or "pp".

10. Daily newspaper article, discontinuous pages

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington

Post, pp. Al, A4.

* If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the

numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. El, B3, B5--B7).

11. Monthly newspaper article, letter to the editor

Markovitz, M. C. (1993, May). Inpatient vs. outpatient [Letter to the editor]. APA Monitor. p. 3.

12. Entire issue of a journal

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification

[special issue]. Abnormal Psychology, 100, (3).

* To cite an entire issue of a journal (in this example, a special issue), give the editors of

the issue and the title of the issue.

* If the issue has no editors, move the issue title to the author position, before the year of

publication, and end the title with a period. Alphabetize the reference entry by the first

significant word in the title. In text, use a short title for the parenthetical citation, for

example: ("Diagnoses," 1991).

* For retrievability, provide the issue number instead of page numbers.

* To reference an article within a special issue, simply follow the format shown in

Examples 1-4.

Page -22

13. Journal supplement

Regier, A. A., Narrow, W. E., & Rae, D. S. (1990). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: The

epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) experience. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24,

(Suppl. 2), 3-14.

* Give the supplement number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.

14. Periodical published annually

Fiske, S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social perception Annual Review of Psychology, 44,

155-194.

* Treat series that have regular publication dates and titles as periodicals, not books. If

the subtitle changes in series published regularly, such as topics of published

symposia (e.g., the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation and the Annals of the New

York Academy of Sciences), treat the series as a book or chapter in an edited book.

15. Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source (e.g., for a study by Seidenberg and

McClelland cited in Coltheart et al.)

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route

and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

* Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work, and

give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's

work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the work cited, list the Coltheart

et al. reference in the References. In the text, use the following citation: Seidenberg

and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Hailer, 1993)

B. Books, Brochures, and Book Chapters

Elements of a reference to an entire book

Cone, J. D., & Foster, S. L. (1993). Dissertations and theses from start to finish: Psychology and

related fields. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Book authors or editors: Cone, J. D., & Foster, S. L.

Date of publication: (1993)

Book title: Dissertations and theses from start to finish: Psychology and related fields.

Publication information: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Examples of references to entire books

16. Book, third edition, Jr. in name

Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to

organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Page -23

17. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991) Estimated resident population by age and sex in

statistical local areas. New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian

Capital Territory: Author.

* Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name.

* When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the

publisher.

18. Edited book

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.).(1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with

minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

* For a book with just one author and an editor as well, give the author first, and list the

editor in parentheses after the title.

19. Book, no author or editor

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

* Place the title in the author position.

* Alphabetize books with no author or editor by the first significant word in the title

(Merriam in this case).

* In text, use a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of an author

name in the citation: (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 1993).

20. Book, revised edition

Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.) Newbury Park,

CA: Sage.

21. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over period of more than 1

year

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-

Hill.

* In text, use the following parenthetical citation: (Koch, 1959-1963).

22. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

* The association is both author and publisher.

* Cite the edition you used, with arabic numerals in parentheses.

* In text, cite the name of the association and the name of the manual in full at the first

mention in the text; thereafter, you may refer to the traditional DSM form (italicized)

as follows:

Page -24

DSM-III (1980) third edition

DSM-III-R (1987) third edition, revised

DSM-IV (1994) fourth edition

DSM-IV-TR (2000) text edition

23. Encyclopedia or dictionary

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20).

London: Macmillan.

* For major reference works with a large editorial board, you may list the name of the

lead editor, followed by "et al."

24. Brochure, corporate author

Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and

writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

* Format references to brochures in the same way as those to entire books.

* In brackets, identify the publication as a brochure.

Elements of a reference to an article or chapter in an edited book

Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In H.L.

Pick, Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and

methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American psychological

Association.

Article or chapter author: Massaro, D.

Date of publication: (1992)

Article or chapter title: Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception.

Book editors: In H. L. Pick, Jr., P. van den Broek, & D.C. Knill (Eds.),

Book title and article or chapter page numbers: Cognition: Conceptual and methodological

issues (pp. 51-84).

Publication information: Washington, DC: American psychological Association.

Examples of references to articles or chapters in edited books

25. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors

Bjork, R. A. (1989) . Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H.L.

Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309--

330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

* For a chapter in a book that is not edited, include the word In before the book title.

Page -25

26. Article or chapter in an edited book in press, separately titled volume in a multivolume

work (two-part title)

Auerbach, J. S. (in press). The origins of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: A

theoretical and empirical reformulation. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Borristein (Eds.),

Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories: Vol. 4 psychoanalytic perspectives on

psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

* Do not give the year unless the book is published. In text use the following

parenthetical citation: (Author name, in press).

* Page numbers are not available until a work is published; therefore, you cannot give

inclusive page numbers for articles or chapters in books that are in press.

27. Chapter in a volume in a series

Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child

interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of

child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization. personality, and social development (4th ed., pp.

1-101). New York: Wiley.

* List the series editor first and the volume editor second so that they will be parallel

with the titles of the works.

28. Entry in an encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993) . Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).

Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

* If an entry has no byline, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.

C. Technical and Research Reports

Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P. C., Checketts, K. T., & Muhlstein, A. (1991). Comparability

of computer and paper-and-pencil scores for two CLEP general examinations (College

Board Rep. No. 91-5). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Elements of a reference to a report

Report authors: Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P. C., Checketts, K. T., & Muhlstein, A.

Date of publication: (1991)

Report title: Comparability of computer and paper-and-pencil scores for two CLEP general

examinations (College Board Rep. No. 91-5).

Page -26

* If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number,

monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after

the title. Do not use a period between the report title and the parenthetical material; do

not underline the parenthetical material. If the report carries two numbers, give the

number that best aids identification and retrieval.

Publication information: Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Give the name, exactly as it appears on the publication, of the specific department, office,

agency, or institute that published or produced the report. Also give the higher department office,

agency, or institute only if the office that produced the report is not well known. For example, if

the National Institute on Drug Abuse, an institute of the U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services, produced the report, give only the institute as publisher. Because this institute is well

known, it is not necessary to give the higher department as well. If you include the higher

department, give the higher department first, then the specific department

For reports from a document deposit service (e.g., NTIS or ERIC), enclose the document number

in parentheses at the end of the entry. Do not use a period after the document number.

Examples of references to reports

29. Report available from the Government Printing Office (GPO), government institute as

group author

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS

Publication No. ADM 90-1679) Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

* Government documents available from GPO should show GPO as the publisher.

30. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice

teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-.RR-924) East Lansing, MI: National

Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.

ED 346 082)

Give the ERIC number in parentheses at the end of the entry.

31. Report from a university

Broadhurst, R. C., & Maller, R. A. (1991). Sex offending and recidivism (Tech. Rep. No.3).

Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia, Crime Research Centre.

* If the name of the state is included in the name of the university do not repeat the name

of the state in the publisher location.

* Give the name of the university first, then the name of the specific department or

organization within the university that produced the report.

Page -27

32. Report from a private organization

Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Sources of health insurance and

characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington, DC: Author.

* Use this form for issue briefs, working papers, and other corporate documents, with

the appropriate document number for retrieval in parentheses.

D. Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia

33. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium, article or chapter in an

edited book

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In

R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on

motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

* Capitalize the name of the symposium, which is a proper name.

34. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for

Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society

on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.

E. Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

35. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DM) and

obtained on university microfilm

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of

referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01),

534B. (University Microfilms No. AAD93-l5947)

36. Unpublished master's thesis, university outside the United States

Almeida, 0. M. (1990). Fathers' Participation in family work: Consequences for fathers' stress

and father-child relations. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria,

British Columbia, Canada.

* Give the name of the city and, if the city may not be well known, the name of the state.

(Do not give the name of the state if it is included in the name of the university.)

* Give the city (and country if the city may not be well known) of a university outside

the United States.

Page -28

F. Unpublished Work and Publications of Limited Circulation

37. Unpublished morificecript not submitted for publication

Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of

psychotherapy transcripts for convergent. Unpublished morificecript.

* For an unpublished morificecript with a university cited.

38. Unpublished morificecript with a university cited

Dépret, E. F., & Fiske, S. T. (1993). Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versus

threatening groups. Unpublished morificecript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

* Give the name of the city and, if the city is not well known, the name of the state.

(Exception: Do not give the name of the state if it is included in the name of the

university.)

39. Publication of limited circulation

KlomberS, N. (Ed.). (1993, Spring). ADAA Reporter (Available from the Anxiety Disorders

Association of America, 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 513, Rockville, MD 20852)

* For a publication of limited circulation, give in parentheses immediately after the title

a name and address from which the publication can be obtained.

G Audiovisual Media

40. Television broadcast

Crystal, L. (Executive producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil / Lehrer news hour. New

York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

41. Television series

Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind. New York: WNET.

42. Single episode from a television series

Restak, R. M. (1989) . Depression and mood (D. Sage, Director). In J. Sameth (Producer), The

mind. New York: WNET.

Hall, B. (1991). The rules of the game (J. Bender, Director) . In J. Sander (Producer) I'll fly

away. New York: New York Broadcasting Company.

* Place the name of the script writer in the author position and use this name in the text

citation (e.g., Hall, 1991).

Page -29

* Give the director of the program as parenthetical information after the program title.

* Place the producer of the series in the editor position.

43. Cassette recording

Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988). Personality, continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette

Recording No. 207-433-88A-B) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

* Give the name and function of the originators or primary contributors (in this example,

Costa, who is the speaker).

* Specify the medium in brackets immediately after the title (in this example, the

medium is cassette recording). Give a number for the recording if it is necessary for

identification and retrieval. Use parentheses if a number is necessary. If no number is

necessary, use brackets.

* Give the location and name of the distributor (in this example, American

Psychological Association).

H Electronic Media

Sources on the Internet. The Internet is a worldwide network of interconnected computers.

Although there are a number of methods for navigating and sharing information across the

Internet, by far the most popular and familiar is the graphical interface of the World Wide Web.

The vast majority of Internet sources cited in APA journals are those that are accessed via the

Web.

Periodicals

44. Internet articles based on a print source

At present, the majority of the articles retrieved from online publications in psychology and the

behavioral sciences are exact duplicates of those in their print versions and are unlikely to have

additional analyses and data attached. This is likely to change in the future. In the meantime, the

same basic primary journal reference can be used, but if you have viewed the article only in its

electronic form, you should add in brackets after the article title [Electronic version] as in the

following fictitious example:

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, 1. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of

resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic

Research, 5, 117-123.

If you are referencing an online article that you have reason to believe has been changed (e.g.,

the format differs from the print version or page numbers are not indicated) or that includes

additional data or commentaries, you will need to add the date you retrieved the document and

the URL.

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VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, 1. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of

resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html

45. Article in an Internet-only journal

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and wellbeing.

Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 000 la. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from

http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/preOO30001a.html

46. Article in an Internet-only newsletter

Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxter, I., Kain, I., Vogelgesang, S., Hudson, M., et al. (1998,

July). Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy -Project update.

Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved from http://www.telehealth.net/subscribe/

newslettr_4a.html#1

* Use the complete publication date given on the article.

* Note that there are no page numbers.

* In an Internet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant. If they are

not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided in the reference.

* Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article.

* Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do not insert (or

allow your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break.

Nonperiodical documents on the Internet

47. Multipage document created by private organization, no date

Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent

Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from

http://www.familymealtime.org

* When an Internet document comprises multiple pages (i.e., different sections have

different URLs), provide a URL that links to the home (or entry) page for the document.

* Use n.d. (no date) when a publication date is not available.

48. Chapter or section in an Internet document

Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low-

income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved from

http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html

* Use a chapter or section identifier (if available) in place of page numbers.

* Provide a URL that links directly to the chapter or section.

49. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date

New approach to introductory computing praised by non-CS students (n.d.). Retrieved August 8,

2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/news/new-approach-to-introductory-computing-

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praised-by-non-cs-students

* If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the

document.

50. Document available on university program or department Web site

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New

wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August

24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:

http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html

* If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a

university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant

program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL

with a colon.

Technical and research reports

51. Report from a university, available on private organization Web site

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November).

Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000, from

the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Web site: http://www.rwjf.org/pr/product.jsp?

id=15733

* When the author of a document is markedly different from the provider (e.g., the host

organization), explicitly identify the latter in the retrieval statement.

* Note. This document is no longer available on this site. In most papers, such a reference

should be updated or deleted.

52. U.S. Government report available on government agency Web site, no publication date

indicated

United States Sentencing commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics.

Retrieved December 8, 1999, from http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm

53. Report from a private organization, available on organization Web site

Canarie, Inc. (1997, September 27). Towards a Canadian health IWAY: Vision, opportunities

and future steps. Retrieved November 8, 2000, from http://www.canarie.ca/press/

publications/pdf/health/healthvision.doc

Computer programmes software and programming languages

Reference entries are not necessary for standard off-the-shelf software and programming

languages, such as Microsoft Word, Excel, Java, Adobe Photoshop and even SAS and SPSS. In

text, give the proper name of the software, along with the version number.

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Do provide reference entries for specialized software or computer programmes with

limited distribution.

54. Computer Software

Miller, M.E, (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0) [Computer Software]. Westminister,

CA: Psytek Services.

55. Computer software and manual available on university Web site

Schwarzer, R. (1989). Statistics software for meta-analysis [Computer software and manual].

Retrieved from http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/schwarze/meta_e.htm

* Do not italicize names of software, programmes or languages.

* If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, name him or her as the author;

otherwise treat such references as unauthored works.

* In brackets immediately after the title, identify the source as a computer programme,

language or software. Do not use a period between the title and the bracketed material.

* Give the location and the name of the organization that produced the work, if applicable,

in the publisher position.

* To reference a manual, give the same information. However, in the brackets after the title,

identify the source as a computer programme or software manual.

APA Assignment Writing Booklet.txt

[DolceVita, ADN, BSN, RN]

It is really worthwhile getting an APA guide. Especially if you are in a 4 yr program.