Mr. X is a 59 year old male with a history of uncontrolled hypertension. While eating dinner at home, Mr. X. tells his wife that he feels lightheaded and begins to show signs of facial droop, slurred speech, and looses consciousness. Mrs. X. calls 911 immediately. The paramedics arrive and transport the patient to the nearest hospital ED. Mr. X. is brought into the ED and you are the nurse assigned to care for this patient. The patient vital signs are BP 198/100, HR 122, RR 26 (labored), temp. 100.8 F, remains unconscious, and responds to painful stimuli only (rapidly pulling away from the painful stimulus). Write a nursing care plan for this patient using the nursing process (assessment, planning... etc.). What scientific principles would you use to support the goals, objectives, interventions, and evaluation efforts needed to stabilize this patient? I am not an ED nurse, but I feel that the process of stabilizing CVA is interdisciplinary and emergent. All of the safety, and self-care care deficit needs are taken care of after the stroke team has succeeded in stabilizing the patient, right? As such, I am having trouble trying to figure out what a nursing care plan during the acute stabilization phase should consist of. Nursing care plans do not usually include interventions by other disciplines, do they? However, wouldn't the care plan look incomplete and not so comprehensive without them? 0 Likes
Daytonite, BSN, RN Specializes in med/surg, telemetry, IV therapy, mgmt. Has 40 years experience. Nov 19, 2009 nursing care plans do not usually include interventions by other disciplines, do they? however, wouldn't the care plan look incomplete and not so comprehensive without them?yes, they can. it involves our role in management of the patient's care.http://www.strokecenter.org/prof/ems/ - stroke interactive tutorial 0 Likes
CollaborateRN Nov 21, 2009 Source: http://nursingcareplan.blogspot.com/2006/12/ncp-cerebro-vascular-accident-cva-stoke.htmlCerebrovascular disease refers to any functional or structural abnormality of the brain caused by a pathological condition of the cerebral vessels or of the entire cerebrovascular system. This pathology either causes hemorrhage from a tear in the vessel wall or impairs the cerebral circulation by a partial or complete occlusion of the vessel lumen with transient or permanent effects. Over 700,000 Americans are affected by a CVA annually. CVA is the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer and is the leading cause of disability cost to the nation (approximately $30-$40 billion/year.)Thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage are the primary causes for CVA, with thrombosis being the main cause of both CVAs and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). The most common vessels involved are the carotid arteries and those of the vertebrobasilar system at the base of the brain. A thrombotic CVA causes a slow evolution of symptoms, usually over several hours, and is "completed" when the condition stabilizes. An embolic CVA occurs when a clot is carried into cerebral circulation and causes a localized cerebral infarct. Hemorrhagic CVA is caused by other conditions such as a ruptured aneurysm, hypertension, arteriovenous (AV) malformations, or other bleeding disorders. Symptoms depend on distribution of the cerebral vessel(s) involved. Ischemia may be (1) transient and resolve within 24 hours, (2) reversible with resolution of symptoms over a period of 1 week (reversible ischemic neurological deficit [RIND]), or (3) progress to cerebral infarction with variable effects and degrees of recovery.CARE SETTINGAlthough the patient may initially be cared for in the intensive care unit (ICU), this phase of care focuses on the step-down or medical unit and subacute/rehabilitation units to community level.RELATED CONCERNSHypertension: severeCraniocerebral trauma (acute rehabilitative phase)Psychosocial aspects of careSeizure disordersTotal nutritional support: parenteral/enteral feedingPatient Assessment DatabaseCollected data are determined by location, severity, and duration of pathology.ACTIVITY/RESTMay report:Difficulties with activity due to weakness, loss of sensation, or paralysis (hemiplegia) tires easily; difficulty resting (pain or muscle twitching)May exhibit:Altered muscle tone (flaccid or spastic); paralysis (hemiplegia); generalized weaknessVisual disturbancesAltered level of consciousnessCIRCULATORYMay report:History of postural hypotension, cardiac disease (e.g., myocardial infarction [MI], rheumatic/valvular heart disease, HF, bacterial endocarditis), polycythemiaMay exhibit:Arterial hypertension (common unless CVA is due to embolism or vascular malformation)Pulse rate may vary (preexisting heart conditions, medications, effect of stroke on vasomotor center)Dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram (ECG) changesBruit in carotid, femoral, or iliac arteries, or abdominal aortaEGO INTEGRITYMay report:Feelings of helplessness, hopelessnessMay exhibit:Emotional liability and inappropriate response to anger, sadness, happinessDifficulty expressing selfELIMINATIONMay exhibit:Change in voiding patterns, e.g., incontinence, anuriaDistended abdomen (overdistended bladder); absent bowel sounds (paralytic ileus)FOOD/FLUIDMay report:Lack of appetiteNausea/vomiting during acute event (increased ICP)Loss of sensation in tongue, cheek, and throat; dysphagiaHistory of diabetes, elevated serum lipidsMay exhibit:Mastication/swallowing problems (palatal and pharyngeal reflex involvement)Obesity (risk factor)NEUROSENSORYMay report:Dizziness/syncope (before CVA/transient during TIA)Severe headache (intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage)Tingling/numbness/weakness (commonly reported during TIAs, found in varying degrees in other types of stroke); involved side seems "dead"Visual deficits, e.g., blurred vision, partial loss of vision (monocular blindness), double vision (diplopia), or other disturbances in visual fieldsTouch: Sensory loss on contralateral side (opposite side) in extremities and sometimes in ipsilateral side (same side) of faceDisturbance in senses of taste, smellHistory of TIA, RIND (predisposing factor for subsequent infarction)May exhibit:Mental status/LOC: Coma usually present in the initial stages of hemorrhagic disturbances; consciousness is usually preserved when the etiology is thrombotic in nature; altered behavior (e.g., lethargy, apathy, combativeness); altered cognitive function (e.g., memory, problem-solving, sequencing)Extremities: Weakness/paralysis (contralateral with all kinds of stroke), unequal hand grasp; diminished deep tendon reflexes (contralateral)Facial paralysis or paresis (ipsilateral)Aphasia: Defect or loss of language function may be expressive (difficulty producing speech); receptive (difficulty comprehending speech); or global (combination of the two)Loss of ability to recognize or appreciate import of visual, auditory, tactile stimuli (agnosia), e.g., altered body image awareness, neglect or denial of contralateral side of body, disturbances in perceptionLoss of ability to execute purposeful motor acts despite physical ability and willingness to do so (apraxis)Pupil size/reaction: Inequality; dilated and fixed pupil on the ipsilateral side (hemorrhage/herniation)Nuchal rigidity (common in hemorrhagic etiology); seizures (common in hemorrhagic etiology)PAIN/DISCOMFORTMay report:Headache of varying intensity (carotid artery involvement)May exhibit:Guarding/distraction behaviors, restlessness, muscle/facial tensionRESPIRATIONMay report:Smoking (risk factor)May exhibit:Inability to swallow/cough/protect airwayLabored and/or irregular respirationsNoisy respirations/rhonchi (aspiration of secretions)SAFETYMay exhibit:Motor/sensory: Problems with visionChanges in perception of body spatial orientation (right CVA)Difficulty seeing objects on left side (right CVA)Being unaware of affected sideInability to recognize familiar objects, colors, words, facesDiminished response to heat and cold/altered body temperature regulationSwallowing difficulty, inability to meet own nutritional needsImpaired judgment, little concern for safety, impatience, lack of insight (right CVA)SOCIAL INTERACTIONMay exhibit:Speech problems, inability to communicateTEACHING/LEARNINGMay report:Family history of hypertension, strokes; African heritage (risk factor)Use of oral contraceptives, alcohol abuse (risk factors)Discharge plan considerationsDRG projected mean length of inpatient stay: 6.4 daysMay require medication regimen/therapeutic treatmentsAssistance with transportation, shopping, food preparation, self-care, and homemaker/ maintenance tasksChanges in physical layout of home; transition placement before return to home settingRefer to section at end of plan for postdischarge considerations.DIAGNOSTIC STUDIESCT scan (with/without enhancement): Demonstrates structural abnormalities, edema, hematomas, ischemia, and infarctions. Note: May not immediately reveal all changes, e.g., ischemic infarcts are not evident on CT for 8-12 hr; however, intracerebral hemorrhage is immediately apparent; therefore, emergency CT is always done before administering tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). In addition, patients with TIA commonly have a normal CT scan.PET scan: Provides data on cerebral metabolism and blood flow changes, especially in ischemic stroke.MRI: Shows areas of infarction, hemorrhage, AV malformations; and areas of ischemia.Cerebral angiography: Helps determine specific cause of stroke, e.g., hemorrhage or obstructed artery, pinpoints site of occlusion or rupture. Digital subtraction angiography evaluates patency of cerebral vessels, identifies their position in head and neck, and detects/evaluates lesions and vascular abnormalities.Lumbar puncture (LP): Pressure is usually normal and CSF is clear in cerebral thrombosis, embolism, and TIA. Pressure elevation and grossly bloody fluid suggest subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage. CSF total protein level may be elevated in cases of thrombosis because of inflammatory process. LP should be performed if septic embolism from bacterial endocarditis is suspected.Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Evaluates the velocity of blood flow through major intracranial vessels; identifies AV disease, e.g., problems with carotid system (blood flow/presence of atherosclerotic plaques).EEG: Identifies problems based on reduced electrical activity in specific areas of infarction; and can differentiate seizure activity from CVA damage.X-rays (skull): May show shift of pineal gland to the opposite side from an expanding mass; calcifications of the internal carotid may be visible in cerebral thrombosis; partial calcification of walls of an aneurysm may be noted in subarachnoid hemorrhage.Laboratory studies to rule out systemic causes: CBC, platelet and clotting studies, VDRL/RPR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), chemistries (glucose, sodium).ECG, chest x-ray, and echocardiography: To rule out cardiac origin as source of embolus (20% of strokes are the result of blood or vegetative emboli associated with valvular disease, dysrhythmias, or endocarditis).NURSING PRIORITIES1. Promote adequate cerebral perfusion and oxygenation.2. Prevent/minimize complications and permanent disabilities.3. Assist patient to gain independence in ADLs.4. Support coping process and integration of changes into self-concept.5. Provide information about disease process/prognosis and treatment/rehabilitation needs.DISCHARGE GOALS1. Cerebral function improved, neurological deficits resolving/stabilized.2. Complications prevented or minimized.3. ADL needs met by self or with assistance of other(s).4. Coping with situation in positive manner, planning for the future.5. Disease process/prognosis and therapeutic regimen understood.6. Plan in place to meet needs after discharge. 0 Likes
CollaborateRN Nov 21, 2009 For stabilization of a patient with CVA, I can use the following nursing diagnoses:Impaired verbal communicationImpaired physical MobilityAnxietyDeficient knowledge regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment optionsRisk for disturbed Body ImageRisk for ineffective Sexual PatternSelf-Care DeficitDisturbed Sensory PerceptionDisturbed Thought ProcessesRisk for Injury/TraumaHowever, I am still having trouble figuring out what the acute (in ER?) phase of the nursing care plan should look like. I know that the acute management phase would look like the stroke protocol followed by most hospitals (see attachment). However, do you have any suggestions concerning how I could describe that in a tabular form with the steps of the nursing process as column-headings (one additional column to describe rationale for interventions)?What nursing diagnoses would I be able to use in the acute management phase?Stroke-California Medical.pdf 0 Likes
Daytonite, BSN, RN Specializes in med/surg, telemetry, IV therapy, mgmt. Has 40 years experience. Nov 21, 2009 Remember that any diagnosing is based upon the symptoms that the patient will have. So, in the acute phase of a stroke, list the symptoms a patient is likely to display This is were listed on the Management of CVA (Stroke) Patients (Ischemic and Hemorrhagic) document that you posted:Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the bodySudden confusion, trouble speaking or understandingSudden trouble seeing in one or both eyesSudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordinationSudden, severe headache with no known causeEach of these are symptoms of a nursing problem:Impaired WalkingImpaired Physical MobilityAcute PainDisturbed Sensory Perception: Visual, AuditoryImpaired Verbal CommunicationAcute Confusion 0 Likes