a&p..blood tracings, mostly. please help! i have an exam coming up, thank you!

heididi · May 11, 2007

can someone plleeasse help me?

then can you help me with just this? how does oxygen travel out the nose after the gas exchange at the pulmonary capillaries?

2bNurseNik · May 11, 2007

This is toooooo much for me to think of right now....I just finished a&pII and I am still on edge. Here are a few websites that were VERY helpful for me...

http://kcarpenter8.pageout.net/page.dyn/student/course/syllabus?course_id=141287

http://groups.msn.com/AnatomyPhysiologyTests/endocrinesystem.msnw

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072919329/sitemap.html?Mor

Check our the lecture notes.

Good luck to you?

PS...lets try tracing blood flow.

aorta arch, left brachiocephalic, left subclavian, left axillary artery, left brachial artery, left radial artery, left ulna arteries, pulmonary artery.....okay, that it for me

heididi · May 11, 2007

thanks for the links, will check them out. i know it's a lot for someone who's not currently taking anatomy..

CrufflerJJ, BSN, RN, EMT-P · May 12, 2007

i worked on these questions and was able to answer most of them..can you look over my answers, and help me out on the ones that im having trouble with? thanks
i'll muddle through some of this...
1. what happens to oxygen in tissues?
a: oxygen is released and taken up by hemoglobins, and the rest is kind of a blur...
weird question...o2 in tissues is used by the body's cells as part of the normal metabolic process (atp production & all that stuff). o2 in the blood is ~98-99% bound to hemoglobin, 1-2% dissolved in plasma. body tissues use the o2 dissolved in plasma. as that is taken out of the plasma and used by body cells, o2 is released by red blood cells (o2/hemoglobin dissociation curve).
2. trace oxygen back to the heart from the left hand, then to the lungs, then from the lungs out the nose.
a: i traced the oxygen in blood to the left hand before this question so im guessing the oxygen is still in the blood for this question..i know how to trace blood from the left hand to the heart (via veins to superior vena cava, and then to the right atrium), and then to the lungs (out the pulmonary artery and to the pulmonary capillaries), but im stuck on how to get the oxygen out the nose. i need help with this one.
ok - ignoring all the "plumbing" part of the answer, if you've got fully oxygenated blood pumped from your lungs to the heart out to the hand, some of the o2 is used by peripheral tissues. the partly deoxygenated blood returns via the veins to the heart & back to the lungs. i'm not sure there's much loss of o2 from the partially saturated hemoglobin molecules (on red blood cells) once they hit the alveolar capillaries. if you're breathing in air that's 21% o2, you breath out air that's ?17%?? (not sure - too lazy to look it up) o2. from the lungs (alveoli), it passes through respiratory bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to bronchi to the trachea up the oropharynx & out the mouth/nose. hopefully something along those lines is what's expected...
3. you ate snickers loaded with carbohydrate, protein, and fat. trace path of food to small intestine, and include important secretions and enzymes.
a: this is a simple trace the food down the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine right? im not sure how i should answer the last part..important secretions and enzymes...im confused as to how i should approach this question.
don't forget the duodenum between the stomach & small intestine. secretions start the second you see/smell/think of that yummy snicker's bar. saliva is secreted from several salivary glands. this lubricates the flood (i think there are also some secretions in the esophagus to lubricate the food bolus). saliva contains salivary amylase (starts breaking down the starch/sugars).
the food passes down to the stomach. plunks into the nice acid bath which contains hydrochloric acid (not sure of its role in digestion, but it does help absorb iron/folic acid/b vitamins). stomach secretions also contain pepsin, which starts breaking down proteins. might be some more tummy enzymes, but i'm not sure (again, too lazy to look it up).
from stomach, food passes to the duodenum. pancreas releases lots of goodies (pancreatic amylase for carbs, lipase for fats,???ase for proteins). liver creates bile salts, which get dumped into the mix somewhere to emulsify fats for easier digestion. pancreas also dumps bicarbonate rich juice into the mix to help neutralize excess acid carried along with the food.
food goes then to the small intestine. plenty of absorption occurs here. i don't think there are enzymes released, but there are brush border enzymes present on the surface of micro-villi on the intestinal lining. these help break stuff down further.
4. trace absorbed fats, amino acids, and glucose back to the heart.
a: the fats, aminoa acids, and glucose are absorbed in the small intestine, right? and the glucose and amino acids enter the portal system and the fats are transported to lacteals..so first the glucose and amino acids..i would have to trace it back to the heart from the small intestine..blood is taken from the sm. intestine to the heart via superior mesenteric v., hepatic portal v., liver, hepatic v,. inferior vena cava, and then the right atrium. and then the fats..they are transported to the lacteals which are connected by the lymphatic vessels to the thoracic duct which empties into the left subclavian vein, and from the left subclavian vein, the fats in the blood would enter the superior vena cava and the heart. is this correct??
dunno - i'll let you play with this one.
5. trace water (glucose, water) to intestines and absorb it into the blood. trace glucose and water in blood to the kidneys.
a: i would trace water to the intestines by going through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. instestine, and large intestine. glucose and water would be absorbed into the blood by the pulmonary capillaries in the small intestine and reach the right atrium of heart via the hepatic portal vein, then from the right atrim to the pulmonary a., pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary v., aorta, descending aorta, renal a., and then the kidneys.
sounds right to me.
i hope my answers above are right..if not, ill pull my hairs out please read over the answers and i would appreciate it if you can give me some feedbacks! tia!

isn't a&p fun! :uhoh3: just keep telling yourself that as you keep trying to cram this stuff in your head.

enjoy!

heididi · May 13, 2007

thank you! i have one more exam to go..can't wait to finish this class!