sharifi9879

Cardiac output...

Afterload is defined as the force or pressure against which the ventricular myocardium must push prior to contraction (Totora & Grabowski 2003). This force or pressure is constantly present in the arteries as arterial blood pressure. Therefore, any increase in systemic blood pressure will result in the left ventricular myocardium having to contract more forcefully to eject its volume of blood. Any increase in the pressure of the pulmonary circulation, such as pulmonary oedema, or the presence of any physical obstruction to the pulmonary circulation, such as lung scar tissue, will result in the right ventricular myocardium having to contract more forcefully. In the long term, this increased workload for the myocardium will eventually result in the abnormal enlargement of the myocardium (hypertrophy), which may in turn lead to heart failure.

Preload is defined as the actual stretch or tension on the ventricular myocardium prior to contraction (Totora & Gabowski 2002). The greater the preload on the myocardium (the larger the amount of blood that has filled the heart during diastole), the greater the contraction will be. A simple analogy to explain this concept is that the further you stretch an elastic band prior to releasing it, the further it will recoil. The same principle applies here: the greater the stretch or tension on the myocardium, the greater the force of contraction. When venous return to the heart increases, ventricular filling and preload also increase. The Frank Starling Law of the Heart (Starling's Law) asserts that the more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole (EDV), the greater the volume of blood that will be ejected (stroke volume) during the ensuing systolic contraction.

I don't need homework. especially in the age of 38. I think people around the world have different system of thinking and judging. I guess different culture can lead to different thinking so it is likely lead to assess their situation differently. for HF patient, are this true? frankly, I don' need H/W. just want to know from the view point of different nurses.

on of the important aspect of self care in patients with HF is symptom assessment and management. please comment to this question. Does Cultural differences play a role in the assessment of signs and symptoms of heart failure? I mean that does HF patients around the world assess their disease differently or all of them diagnose their symptom similarly? please exclude frequency and severity of each symptom, just think about cultural differences.

Thanks to all for the time you spend. I found that Nursing in USA is very satisfying. best regards Hassan Sharifi وب سایت پرستاری قلب و عروق ایران

No, I am just a frustrated nurse that seeking some idea to relax my self.

however, I am in the middle of nursing PHD course, I feel frustrated from working as a nurse in Iran. here everything is in the hand of doctors. they imagine themselves as a king of hospital and say: "You, NURSES, YOU ARE OUR SERVANT, DON'T THINK, DON'T JUDGE, JUST FOLLOW OUR ORDER"

I thank you for the detailed answer. For several years I am working as a nurse in Iran. Now, I am teaching nursing students in undergraduate and postgraduate. ِ

inspite of vast variety of nursing theory in nursing, clinical nurses just perfom as biomedical theory. it didn't just in developing country, but in the developed country these are the doctors make decision about patient status. frankley, Nurses are servant of physican.

We as a nurse, don't have right to dependently practice even with PhD degree. just waiting for medical proffession such as doctors order and then perform as they want. in your opinion, does this kind of performance defferent between country?

the nursing practice around the world is changing. one of the evidence for this opinion is day to day limitation to the nursing prctice and scope of service which nurses must to perform.

this is the exact situation in which You would be regretful in the future. So leave this temporary lust and think about your great family.

In the current health care system, what is the the role of Nurses? Are they patients caregiver or physicians servant?

General surgical unit or general emergency room.