Standards are essential in every aspect of life. Life everyone has mentioned, interoperability is how systems share and exchange information (Sewell, 2013) With Interoperability, can you imagine the chaos, mistrust, miscommunication, lack of efficiency, and expensive mistakes that could occur if standards where not assigned to things like the stock market, the government, international affairs, and especially the health care system. The health care system has had many obstacles and barriers over the years. Members of the health care team could not readily access information related to topics without going to a medical library. Members of specialist teams such as neurologist, nephrologist, insurance companies, labs, and even family practitioners could not readily access their client's medical records for evaluations and further referrals. Members from rural communities had a disadvantage with communication and easy access to health professionals. "There were physical, economic, and knowledge barriers to receiving optimal healthcare services." (E-health standards) Setting up electronic medical records allowed for open access for review of data that greatly benefits the medical staff and the client to receive quick and efficient care. The access to medical records could. With physicians, insurances, and hospitals all using different entities to provide these records, access and communication was still minimal without the help from interoperable standards. Along with the time zone example in the book, fire departments, ems, police departments, and hospitals, along with different cities, all used different f frequencies in communication. With standards, "information in common formats, encrypt or compress information, perform functions like error detection and correction, or provide common addressing or security structures." (E-health standards) Having these standards allow for reliable sharing of information communication between devices of physicians and facility which all adhere to the standards which help overcome barriers for optimal healthcare. "ICT standards enable not only e-health but the Internet, mobile systems, the traditional phone system, and systems that deliver digital music, movies, video, and images." (E-health standards) The advancement of course leaves a grave concern with privacy and security for hospitals and clients, but in my opinion the benefits greatly out weight the risk. E-health Standards and Interoperability. ITU-T Technology Watch. (April 2012). http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu/oth/23/01/T23010000170001PDFE.pdf Sewell, J. P., & Thede, L. Q. (2013). Informatics and nursing: opportunities and challenges (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. -Megan Mallamaci