Thanks very much for your comments. I am still a little confused about TKVO. Does anyone know how much per hour or pressure per iv cannula is needed to KVO? Has anyone ever done any research into it? As well as IV's running at rates TKVO,we also have saline locks which are flushed q12h with 3cc N/S and this seems enough to keep the cannula patent if this is so then why do we need an IV running at a variable rate(depending on the facility) I would be extremely interested in finding any study that supports running an IV TKVO Vs a saline lock Vs what is the best rate I do apologise if I offended anyone with my "waken up to best practice" but I justify it by the fact that no-one can give me the rationale for running an IV 0.2cc/hr or 20-30-40 or 50cc/hr. I guess what I'm saying is that depending on where you work will depend on your practice regardless of the rationale.