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I'll try to answer as best as I can. Proteins are made up of amino acids (20 amino acids) arranged in certain orders that make up their 3D shape which defines their function. Common characteristics shared amoung all amino acids are the alpha carbon that covalently attached to carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and amino group (-N2H). So you need to know the last group that's attached to the alpha carbon to determine what type of amino acid it is and how they interact with other amino acids to create protein. Nucleic Acids: Making up DNA (TCAG) and RNA (UCAG) They are very similar structure when looking at it but you just have to know the minor differences between each acids. Also remember that... Pyrimidines = UTC are similar in structure Purines = AG are similar to each other Lipids are hydrocarbon like molecules... bunch of carbons chained together and have COOH at the end and behaves hydrophobically. Carbohydrates are the sugars. Monosaccharride or simple sugar is aldehyde or keytone with 2 additional hydroxy groups (-OH). example: OHC-CH(OH)-CH2OH

When looking at tonicity (concentration of non-penetrating solutes) Remember that solutes occupy space that would normally be occupied by water molecules. Think about it this way... you have 2 cups. I decided to fill one cup half way with rocks and the other cup is rock free. Which one contains more water? The cup without the rocks. Diffusion of water, the movement of water in and out of cells work based on how much solute is inside the cell compare to its surroundings. Remember: Water will always move to the less occupied area. If a cell contained same amount of solute ("rocks" - cell contains ~300mOsm) inside the cell compare to the surrounding fluid outside the cell, there are equal amount of water so there is no movement of water molecules - This is Isotonic solution. Isotonic solution by definition is solutions containing 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solute. Now what happens if solution contained less than 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solute? So the cell has more solutes which means it has less amount of water (right? because solutes take up space) so all that extra water in the solution will rush in and cause the cell to swell up. Such a solution is known as hypotonic solution. Hypertonic solution is the opposite and the solution contains more than 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solute. Since there's more water inside the cell compare to outside, the water will rush out of the cell causing the cell to shrink. Hope that helps.

Second degree traditional route is also geared towars those who already have a degree in something else as well. So based on that i was wondering if anyone knew anything about the two. I know not all schools offer both paths for a student which college degree but i was wondering. I also think accelerated may be easier but i dunno :) Thanks.

Great website to refresh on chemistry concepts, good easy method of explaining each key concepts and includes examples and such. I used it few years back but i think it'll help. http://www.chemreview.net/

Oops - let me clarify. Second degree traditional program: which takes about 4 - 5 regular semesters, so ~2-2.5 years GPA requirement and prereqs as not as strict relative to accelerated Joint RN plus master's degree program is also an option through traditional 2nd degree route vs. Accelerated route is completed within 15 months with applicant's GPA being min. 3.0 and core prereqs completed prior to applying. Most colleges offer both pathways... i'm wondering if there's a difference in number of spots open and types of people applying. Which ones are easier to get accepted into, etc. The university I am currently attending offers both programs and I'm only allowed to apply to one each year. They only accept students either Fall for traditional 2nd degree and May for accelerated.

Hi all I was wondering if i get some feedback I graduated first time in 2002 with a BA in liberal arts major with a sad GPA of 2.622 I was accepted into the same university to obtain a second degree in Biological Science in Fall 2005. Since I'm a second degree student in the same University my old GPA stuck with me and it went up to 3.0 this past semester. GPA calculated for second degree in science is 3.67. Based on my science GPA and the type of classes I took (according to prof who is part of admission comit.) I won't have much problems applying to most graduate programs in science. The reason why I went to get a second degree was to raise my GPA and get a science degree so I can apply to nursing program. Based on my info... will I have a better chance applying to second degree nursing program or accelerated program. I'm so bummed out because it seems like its going to be easier to get into a really good graduate program than most nursing schools... and I really wanna go to nursing school. Any info would be greatly appreciated. Thanks for your time.

Hello all, I graduated with a non-nursing degree in 2003 and GPA at the time of graduation was 2.6 (Yeah, I messed that one up pretty well). After 2 years of soul searching I have decided to join the medical profession. I realized that my GPA was pathetic so I joined a post-bacc program that was designed to help those who already graduated with a degree but in need of science prereq courses in order to apply to med schools and other medical professions. I have taken 2 semester's worth of basic science courses under that program and maintained 3.91 GPA. From what I know, the program is also suppose to help raise my overall GPA to further better my chances at being accepted. My goal is to finish my current program, fulfill my science req. and apply to nursing schools. Even if my undergrad. GPA was really low, if I continue to get A's in science courses (By the end of the program, I would have completed about 40 credits - physics, bio, chem, organic chem, anat and physiology, plus labs, etc), do you think I have a good chance of being accepted? Any feed back would be helpful. Thanks for your time.