ACNP Intensivist

There's a lot of models to draw from. I have personally worked as part of a team of NP's in a critical care service in three different settings.

The first group I worked with was within a Surgical Critical Care Service covering a 16-bed Cardiothoracic Surgery ICU (CTSICU). There were 8 of us providing 24/7 staffing to the unit under the direction of a dedicated group of Trauma/Intensivist Surgeons who take week-long calls to round in the ICU. There are residents from the General Surgery residency program who rotate in this ICU and work alongside the NP's. There is a Trauma fellowship program but the fellows do not typically rotate with the CTSICU service. The NP's follow a rotating days and nights schedule of 3 twelve hour shifts a week. NP's (and attendings) are employed by the hospital's closed medical group model. NP's are paid hourly with provision for shift and weekend differential, holiday and overtime pay. Full hospital-sponsored management level benefits are offered. The nature of the patient population required the NP's to be credentialed by medical affairs to insert all types of central venous lines (multi-lumens, introducers, Quinton's, Swan-Ganz) and arterial lines, place chest tubes and perform thoracenteses, and perform bronchoscopies.

The second group I worked with was a 20+ bed combined Med-Surg ICU in a community hospital setting. There are no residents. The NP's work with Pulmonary and Critical Care trained attendings. It was a new group that was just beginning to recruit a full team and there were 3 NP's at the time I started. We only worked 3 12-hour day shifts a week. The nighshift was covered by moonlighting physicians who are in training for Pulmonary-Critical Care. I took this job as a temporary assignment at the request of the medical director as I had previous experience as an NP in ICU. The director knew I was going to leave in six months to move out of state. We were credentialed for the same procedures as the previous setting I worked in but being in a community hospital setting, the procedures were more commonly central lines, arterial lines, and intubations.

My current job is with a large group of 12 ACNP's within an academic medical center's Division of Critical Care Medicine. The division is very much interdisciplinary. Our attendings have faculty appointments and have a variety of backgrounds: Anesthesiology-Critical Care, Pulmonary-Critical Care, Nephrology-Critical Care, Trauma Surgery-Critical Care, Neuro-Critical Care. Residents come from diverse programs: Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, Emergency Medicine. There is also a fellowship program. The NP's cover 2 separate 16-bed Neuro ICU's, 1 combined 16-bed Med-Surg ICU, and 1 16-bed combined Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Surgery, and Cardiothoracic Surgery ICU. We provide 24/7 coverage with NP's rotating between 3 12-hour nights and day shifts a week. NP's are members of the hospital's collective bargaining group, are benefitted as hospital employees and are thus paid hourly. Some of the NP's hold Clinical Associate Professor appointments in the nursng school. We are credentialed to place invasive lines, intubate, and provide conscious sedation.

I guess the common thread for me was determining how many NP's are really needed to fully realize a 24/7 staffing model with residents added to the equation. I don't know if you will have residents on your team or it will be all ACNP's. The other piece is credentialing - you'll have to determine what you are willing to have the ACNP's do in terms of procedures and how to go about training the team to keep everyone's skills up to par. Fresh graduates of ACNP programs have some exposure to typical ICU procedures but are definitely not proficient. Another piece to consider is billing. I never really have to worry about benefits as I always worked for the hospital and having worked at the bedside previously as an RN, we are quite familiar with how hospital sponsored benefits go.

If you search online on PubMed, there's a good number of ICU NP groups across the country. Some of my current co-workers have come from ICU NP groups from other states like myself. Two of our senior NP's published our experience on ICU Director (a journal for the management side of ICU's). I will not post a link for the sake of privacy but I could certainly help point you to resources should you need one.

4 NP's is a start but I tend to think you'll need more if you'll be doing 12-hr shifts. In the community hospital setting i worked for, it was enough to have 1 intensivist and 1 NP during the day. When we were full, it almost seems like an additional NP was needed. Nightshift was covered by an MD moonlighter who worked alone. It can be real busy and if that will be a sole NP doing nights each night alone, it can be a set-up for burn-out and an unhappy NP.

The other thing to consider is to add perks to working nights. You'll find some NP's actually preferring nighshift but that is not the norm. One perk is to make sure there's a cozy callroom for the night coverage where they can lay down when it's not busy (which may not happen very often depending on acuity). A good shift differential will make it worthwhile.

One other question is whether this is going to be a closed ICU model vs an open ICU model.

Thanks so much for the reply and the info. I will do a PubMed search and see what I can find. We are planning to start with 4 ACNP's to provide 24 hr coverage to a 16 bed ICU and 16 bed intermediate care unit. Just trying to figure out the best way to cover nights.....no residents and the MDs do not want to be there all night.

You don't have enough people. We cover a 20 bed SICU with 9 PA/NPs and 3-6 residents. Nights are 2 NP/PA during the week plus a resident (ideally on designated nap time between 12-5 AM). 1 PA/NP plus a resident on weekends. We have two PAs on evenings M-F and three PA/NP during the day (the evening PAs cover every fourth weekend and one covers one day a week). Thats for a very high acuity surgical ICU in a tertiary academic medical center with transplant. Its a very complex schedule but it works well with the workflow (most of the admits are in the evening).

During the day one NP/PA can cover six to eight ICU patients. So you would need two for just the ICU. Not sure what the need is for stepdown but I would guess you still would need 1.5 or so for that. Then you have to figure out where the physician is going to get billing from. Are they going to see patients? Are they going to do shared billing on E/M and some Critical care time on the rest?

If you are going to stick to 40 hour work week then you need a minimum of 4.2 FTEs (so in theory you can get by with paying a little overtime and everyone working seven on seven off or some permutation. That assumes no one gets sick or ever takes vacation. In reality you will need close to 5 FTEs to cover for vacations. In my mind depending on acuity you need at least 3 people during the day, one evening person and 2 night person 24/7. This would require 4.2 day FTEs, 1.4 evening FTEs and 2.8 night FTEs. or 10.4 FTEs (probably 13 or so with vacations). If you have significant acuity then its probably more like 15 to 18 FTEs. Thats assuming you are actually doing critical care management. If all you are doing is babysitting the patients while the surgery teams do all the work (ie vent management only) then maybe you could get away with 4 people (with all the caveats about vacation and sick time).

Last issue the biggest disatisfier for scheduling is working rotating shifts. In addition to the scheduling headaches it creates (can't work days for several days after coming off nights etc) its universally hated. Nocturnists are the answer here. Finding people willing to work nights is hard but doable (we pay a $30k bonus).