MatrixRn

To be real, not everyone can be a trainer. Sadly, some people are picked to precept because they happen to be the nurse who has been on the floor the longest, or the nurse accepted the role to get a break from working or maybe everyone else said no, and it was like tag you are it. This is not the best environment to bring in a new person.
This leads me to my second point, when a person is picked for the wrong reason, well they are just not going to be up to snuff. One of the big things that I see in your writings is that this nurse was not horrible, she just seemed passive-aggressive. This is not unusual on the floors. The person feels put out or dumped upon but will not say no, because they do not want to look bad, they may want a good mark on their eval or they want to please the manager. However, once in the role they may not understand the dynamics of teaching, get frustrated and act out.
That said, you as a student in this environment own some of this relationship as well. If you and she are not jelling it is incumbent upon both of you, not just her, to make it work so you get trained. If your needs are not getting met, it is okay to say that you need more support. However, if you stay to chart and she leaves for the day...that is not a sticking point. The patients had been transferred off to the next nurse and the only thing left was charting, so her job was done. If you did the care for that day she cannot chart for you.
Does management know this happens? Yes. This is why she told you that you are getting a different precept for a different point of view. And frankly, having only one preceptor is not a good thing. Another nurse will have other things to offer...that yes...this first one could not give you. Is it because you were not picking it up or is it her inability to teach it?? Who cares....the important thing is that the manager recognizes that there is other training that you need and she is willing to give it.
Overall, I would say maybe we need to find a better term to describe this behavior than to say 'eat their young.'