April 2008 NCLEX test takers, COME ON IN!

[MMARN]

Per the request of janina08 I've started the April NCLEX takers support group. When do you take it? What are you using to study? Would anyone like to review any of the systems/meds that he/she feels weakest on? Let's keep each other in our prayers and good thoughts as we go through one of the biggest experiences of our lives. :)

[avalere2474]

i know for sure that is the value of K+ 3.5-5.5 i am slo doing the exam cram questions and there is a sheet in it with all the lab values that is what it said and my nursing foundations book as well the same value. by the way nclex-pn

[avalere2474]

can someon help with nursing priorities and delegations, how to remember the drug teach pppppppppppplllllease

god bless

[LiverpoolJane]

Pharm flash cards - follow this link, it is non copyright and is only available to download, it cannot be opened at the address so you must have adobe to read the PDF

http://brain101.info/Downloads.php

[janina08RN, RN]

Hey Moments, I am doing a bit over 100 questions everyday :uhoh21:. I spend almost all day doing questions then reading pharm and reviewing saunders! I am even looking forward to April 14!!!!! I just want to take the test and get it over with!!!! I have already done 1560 questions..... So I still have a little less then 3000 before I finish the CD..... I should be done with the questions by April 11th!

Hey Gen! we're doing the same thing!...i start at 12noon till 1 am answering questions, taking down notes and reading the rationales...i would like to believe that we will pass this test! we will be RNs soon!!! :)

[michaRN, RN]

hi want to share this too re: Isolation precautions:

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_isolation_droplet.html

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_isolation_airborne.html

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_isolation_contact.html

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_isolation_standard.html

[rnaffah]

Guys,this is a file for NCLEX tips but I couldn't find where to attach it,so I pasted..

Good luck,

Dilantin detoxified by liver.

The nurse cares for a client receiving IV antibiotics every 8 hours for the past 4 days. The antibiotic is mixed in D5W. The nurse determines that a post-infusion phlebitis has occurred if which of the following is observed?

1.Tenderness at the IV site.

2.Increased swelling at the insertion site.

3.Area around the IV site is reddened with red streaks.

4.Fluid is leaking around the IV catheter.

a.Tenderness occurs with phlebitis but is not specific to it.

b.May indicate either infiltration or phlebitis

c.CORRECT--reddened, warm area noted around insertion site or on path of vein; discontinue IV, apply warm, moist compresses, restart IV at new site

d.Not indicative of phlebitis

Ethacrynic Acid (Edecrin)--are considered loop diuretics and are potassium wasting; encourage client to increase intake of potassium-rich foods. Orange juice/Bananas, etc.

Aminophylline (Truphylline)--is a xanthine bronchodilator; major side effects: palpitations, nervousness, rapid pulse, dysrhythmias, nausea, and vomiting. Toxic effects: confusion, headache, flushing, tachycardia, and seizure.

Morphine Sulfate--decreases blood return to the right side of the heart, and decrease peripheral resistance. In other words, decreases preload and afterload pressures and cardiac workload; causes vasodilation and pooling of fluid in extremities; provides relief from anxiety.

Intropin (Dopamine)--vasoactive medication are given IV to restore BP in hypotensive states; Increases blood return to the right side of the heart, and increase peripheral resistance; side effects: headache, severe hypertension, dysrhythmias; check BP q2 minutes until stabilized, then q5 minutes

TPN--hang no longer than 24 hours; IV tubing and filters every 24 hours; site of catheter changed every 4 weeks.

Fluoxetine (Prozac)--a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression and obsessive compulsive disorder. Side effects: postural hypotension, dry mouth, rapid heartbeat, anorexia, weight loss, severe headache. If dose is missed, omit dose and instruct client to return to regular dosing schedule.

Propanolol (inderal)--a beta-adrenergic blocker used as antihypertensive; Side effects: bronchospasm, bradycardia, depression. Take pulse before administration and gradually decrease when discontinuing. Do not give to asthmatic patients.

Glipizide (Glucotrol)--an oral hypoglycemic that decreases blood sugar by stimulating insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas; may cause aplastic anemia and photosensitivity.

Prednisone (Deltasone)--a corticosteroid. Side effects: hyperglycemia

Bethanechol (Urecholine)--a cholinergic or parasympathomimetic used to treat functional urinary retention; mimics action of acetylcholine.

Ventricular Tachycardia--causes chest pain, dizziness, and fainting.

1 grain = 60mg

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)--thyroid preparation should be administered at breakfast to prevent insomnia.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)--interferes with action of hormonal contraceptives. Side effects: photosensitivity.

Aluminum Hydroxide (Amphojel)--an antacid; neutralizes hydrochloric acid and reduces pepsin activity; take one hour before and hour of sleep. Antacids most effective after digestion has started, but prior to the emptying of the stomach.

Isoniazid (INH)--Side effects: peripheral neuropathy (administer pyridoxine), rash, urticaria, and swelling of the face, lips, and eyelids.

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6, Beesix, Doxine)--required for amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Used in the transport of amino acids, formation of neurotransmitters, and sythesis of heme. Prevention of neuropathy.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)--prevention of seizures and relief of pain in trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia (Tic douloureux) is an agonizing pain that may result in severe depression and suicide.

Clonidine (Catapres-TTS)--is a centrally acting alpha-adrenergic used to treat hypertension; Side effects: drowsiness, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, heart failure. If patch used be cautious around microwaves results in burns, dispose of carefully, and heat will increase medication absorption leading to toxicity.

Phlebitis--tenderness, redness; remove iv, apply warm soaks to decrease inflammation, swelling, and discomfort.

Autologous blood--may give blood 5 weeks before surgery; can give 2 to 4 units of blood; may have to take iron pills

Partial-thickness burn; only part of skin is damaged or destroyed; large, thick-walled blisters develop; underlying tissue is deep red, appears wet and shiny; painful with increased sensitivity to heat; healing occurs by evolution of undamaged basal cells, takes about 21-22 days. I.E., Redness and swelling with fluid-filled vesicles noted on right arm or Blistering and blanching of the skin noted on the back.

Full-thickness burn; all skin is destroyed and muscle and bone may be involved; substance that remains is called eschar, dry to touch, doesn't heal spontaneously, requires grafting. I.E., Charred, waxy, white appearance of skin on left leg.

Superficial burn; skin appears pink, increased sensitivity to heat, some swelling, healing occurs without treatment. I.E., Reddened blotchy painful areas noted on the face.

Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet)--used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Take immediately before meals and high-protein meals may impair effectiveness of medication. Reduces rigidity and bradykinesis and facilitates client's mobility.

Doxycycline (Vibramycin)--a tetracycline that is taken at regular intervals but not within 1 hour of bedtime because it may cause esophageal irritation. Use another method of birth control, do not take antacids within 1-3 hours of taking medication, and may cause photosensitivity.

Albuterol (Proventil)--a bronchodilator. Side effects: tremors, headache, hyperactivity, tachycardia. Use first before steroid medication so opens up bronchioles for steroid to get in. Wait one minute between puffs of the inhalers for best effect.

Beclomethasone (Vanceril)--a steroid medication. Side effect: fungal infections, dry mouth, throat infections.

Insulin--NPH Onset: 1.5 hours Peak: 4-12 hours RegularOnset: 0.5 hours Peak: 2.5-5 hours

Topiramate (Topamax)--is an anticonvulsant. Should drink 2000-3000ml of fluid daily to prevent kidney stones. Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, ocular symptoms, blindness, and decrease effects of hormonal contraceptives.

Propranolol (Inderal)--a beta-blocker that takes up beta-adrenergic receptor sites, which prevents adrenaline from causing symptoms and glycogenolysis. Inderal may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia, removing the body's early warning system.

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)--acts on urinary tract mucosa to produce analgesic or local anesthetic effects. Side effects: bright orange urine, yellowish discoloration of skin or sclera indicates drug accumulation due to renal impairment.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)--most common side effect mild to moderate rash (urticaria)

Aminoglycosides are ototoxic.

Butorphanol Tartrate (Stadol)--analgesic used for moderate to severe pain; Side effects include change in BP, bradycardia, respiratory depression.

Infant normal resting heart rate: 120-140

Salt substitutes contain potassium

When directing a UAP, the nurse must communicate clearly about each delegated task with specific instructions on what must be reported. Because the RN is responsible for all care-related decisions, only implementation tasks should be assigned because they do not require independent judgment.

When applying the nursing process, assessment is the first step in providing care. The 5 "Ps" of vascular impairment can be used as a guide (pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis)

READ THE QUESTIONS FIRST!!!!!

READ THE QUESTIONS FIRST!!!!!

DETERMINE THE QUESTION!!!!!!

Rash and blood dyscrasias are side effects of anti-psychotic drugs. A history of severe depression is a contraindication to the use of neuroleptics.

Children with celiac disease should eat a gluten free diet. Gluten is found mainly in grains of wheat and rye and in smaller quantities in barley and oats. Corn, rice, soybeans and potatoes are digestible in persons with celiac disease.

The nurse instructs the client taking dexamethasone (Decadron) to take it with food or milk because Decadron increases the production of hydrochloric acid, which may cause gastrointestinal ulcers.

The protest phase of separation anxiety is a normal response for a child this age (2 year-old hospitalized child). In toddlers, ages 1 to 3, separation anxiety is at its peak

Signs of tardive dyskinesia include smacking lips, grinding of teeth and "fly catching" tongue movements.

Verapamil, Bretylium, and Amiodarone increases serum dig levels, possibly causing Digitalis Toxicity

Signs/Symptoms of Digital Toxicity: first signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, bradycardia, and other arrhythmias. In infants and small children, the first symptoms of overdose are usually cardiac arrhythmias.

Restlessness, confusion, irritability and disorientation may be the first signs of fat embolism syndrome followed by a very high temperature.

A Neologism is a new word self invented by a person and not readily understood by another that is often associated with a thought disorder.

Pancreatic enzymes give before meals.

Clinical features of delusional disorder include extreme suspiciousness, jealousy, distrust, and belief that others intend to harm.

The UAP can be assigned to care for a client with a chronic condition after an initial assessment by the nurse. This client has no risk of instability of condition.

Never leave your patient. For example, Ask the LPN/LVN to stay with the child and his parents while the nurse obtains phone orders from the physician.

Tips for charting: don't use inflammatory words, no nurse judgments, be as specific as possible. I.E.,

"Vital signs stable" is incorrect for of charting.

Restraint: frame of bed, quick release ties, document need for restraint Q4 hours

Never ask "WHY" questions in the NCLEX!

Gag Reflex: don't assess gag reflex to a client that has an absent swallow reflex

Nifedipine (Procardia XL): do not crush

An RN that is not assigned to a patient does not have the authority to tell a nurse what to do. Refer it to nursing supervisor.

If doctor has orders it should carried out unless contraindicated in nurse's decision.

Physical assessment: Inspection, Percussion, Palpation, Auscultation (Except for abdomen: Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation)

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)--halt medications before surgery, can do 5 at a time; will be on mechanical ventilations after surgery; chest tubes

Acromegaly--monitor blood sugar, atrium--90 implant care (radioactive, nasally implanted, monitor vision)

Bone marrow Aspiration---done at iliac crest; painful

Postoperative care after Supratentorial surgery: maintain airway, elevate head 30-45

Position care after Infratentorial surgery: flat and lateral

Orange juice does not help acidify urine it makes it more alkaline.

Myelogram

*Water-soluble dye--elevate head of bed 30 degrees (not removed)

*Oil based dye--flat in bed (removed)

Fractures:

Immobilize joint above and below fracture

Cover open fracture with cleanest material available

Check temperature, color, sensation, capillary refill distal to fracture

Close reduction--manually manipulate bone or use traction

Buck's Traction

Use to relieve muscle spasm of leg and back

If used for muscles spasms only, they can turn to either side.

If used for fracture treatment, only can turn to unaffected side.

Use 8-20 lbs of weight, if used for scoliosis will use 40 lbs of weight.

Elevate head of bed for countertraction or foot bed

Place pillow below leg not under heel or behind knee.

Russell's Traction

Sling is used

Check for popliteal pulse

Place pillow below lower leg and heel off the bed

Don't turn from waist down

Lift patient, not the leg

Cervical Tongs

Never lift the weights

No pillow under head during feedings

Balanced Suspension Traction

For femur realignment

Maintain weights hanging free and not on floor

Maintain continuous pull

Halo Jacket

Maintain pin cleansing

Casts

Don't rest on hard surface

Don't cover until dry 48+ hours

Handle with palms of hands not with fingers

Keep above level of heart

Check for CSM

Fractured Hip

*Assessments

Leg shortened

Adducted

Externally rotated

*Implementation

Care after a total hip replacement

*Abduction pillows

*Crutch walking with 3-point gait

*Don't sleep on operated side

*Don't flex hip more than 45-60 degrees

*Don't elevate head of the bed more than 45 degrees

Amputations

*Guillotine (open)

*Flap (closed)

*Delayed prosthesis fitting

Residual limb covered with dressing and elastic bandage (figure eight)

*Figure-8 doesn't restrict blood flow, shaped to reduce edema

Check for bleeding

Elevated 24 hours (AKA-pillow, BKA-foot of bed elevated)

Position prone daily

Exercises, crutch walking

Phantom Pain: acknowledge feelings, that pain is real for them.

Thiamin (Vit. B1)--carbohydarte metabolism; deficiency will cause Beri-Beri

Pyridoxine (Vit. B6)--amino acid metabolism; deficiency will cause anemia, seizures

Folic acid--RBC formation; deficiency will cause anemia

Cyanocobalamin (B12)--nerve function; deficiency cause pernicious anemia

Calcium deficiency causes Rickett's

Cultural Food Pattern's

Orthodox Jewish (Kosher)--milk and meat cannot be eaten at same meal

Muslin--30 day fast during Ramadan

Japanese--rice is basic food, tea is main beverage

Greek--bread is served with every meal

Enteral feeding held if: 150 or > cc's aspirated or 50% given in the hour is aspirated

If cramping, vomiting occurs decrease rate of enteral feeding or keep it warm.

TPN--supply nutritions via intravenous route

Peripherally or centrally

Initial rate 50/hour and can be increased to 100-125ml/hour.

A pump must be used to keep rate constant

Prevent sepsis: maintain closed system,, don't draw blood/infuse anything in line, dry sterile dressing

Verify placement of line

Monitor Glucose, acetone

Change IV tubing/Filter Q24 hours

Solution refrigerated then warmed

If solution not available, start 10% in water.

3/week check BUN, electrolytes (ca, mg)

When TPN Dc'd taper patient off or else will get rebound hypoglycemia (use hypotonic to do this)

Specific gravity 1.010-1.030

Ph 4.5-8

1,000-1,500cc/day

Crede's Manuever--push urine out

Pernicious Anemia

-monthly Vitamin B12 IM injections

Metered dose inhaler

-Beclomethasone (Vanceril)

-Albuterol (Proventil)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

-GBS often preceded by a viral infection as well as immunizations/vaccinations

-Intervention is symptomatic

-Acute phase: Steroids, plasmapheresis, aggressive respiratory care; prevent hazards of immobility, maintain adequate nutrition; physical therapy; pain-reducing measures; eye care, prevention of complications (UTI, aspiration); psychosocial support

Organ Donation Criteria

-No history of significant, disease, process in organ/tissue to be donated

-No untreated sepsis

-Brain death of donor

-No history of extracranial malignancy

-Relative hemodynamic stability

-Blood group compatibility

-Newborn donors must be full term (more than 200g)

-Only absolute restriction to organ donation is documented case of HIV infection

-Family members can give consent

-Nurse can discuss organ donation with other death-related topics (funeral home to be used, autopsy request)

Accurate way to verify NG tube position is to aspirate for gastric contents and check pH.

Parkinson's disease

-Activities should be scheduled for late morning when energy level is highest and patient won't be rushed

-Symptoms: tremors, akinesia, rigidity, weakness, "motorized propulsive gait, slurred monotonous speech, dysphagia, drooling, mask-like expression.

-Nursing care: encourage finger exercises. Administer Artane, Congentin, L-Dopa, Parlodel, Sinemet, Symmetrel.

-Teach: ambulation modification

-Promote family understanding of disease intellect/sight/hearing not impaired, disease progressive but slow, doesn't lead to paralysis

Normal urine output (1200-1500 cc's/day or 50-63 cc/hr, normal voiding pattern 5-6 times/day.

Green leafy vegetables contain vitamin K.

Labs

HbA1c (4.5-7.6%)

-indicates overall glucose control for the previous 120 days

Serum Amylase / Somogyl (60-160 u/dL)

-elevated in acute pancreatitis

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

-Men (1-15)

-Women (1-20)

-Rate at which RBC's settle out of unclottted blood in one hour

-Indicates inflammation/neurosis

Hematocrit (Hct)

-Men (40-45) u/mL

-Women (37-45) u/mL

-Relative volume of plasma to RBC

-Increased with dehydration

-Decreased with volume excess

Creatine Kinase (CK)

-Men (12-70)

-Women (10-55)

-Enzyme specific to brain, myocardium, and skeletal muscles

-Indicates tissue necrosis or injury

Serum Glucose

-60-110 mg/dL

Sodium (Na+)

-135-145 mEq/L

-Hypernatremia

oDehydration and insufficient water intake

Chloride (Cl-)

-95-105 mEq/L

Potassium (K+)

-3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

-22-26 mEq/L

-Decreased levels seen with starvation, renal failure, diarrhea.

Blood, Urea, Nitrogen (BUN)

-6-20 mg

-Elevated levels indicate rapid protein catabolism, kidney dysfunction, dehydration

Creatinine Clearance Test

-normal 125 ml/min.

-Lower levels reflect renal insufficiency and may influence the excretion of many drugs and toxins from the body.

Lithium

-targeted blood level: (1-1.5 mEq/L)

Tofranil and Anafranil--OCD medications

Pick physical needs over psychosocial needs!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Focus on here and now!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Oculogyric crisis: uncontrollable rolling back of eyes: side effect of Phenothiazines

Moribund means dying patient.

Don't leave your patients. Stay with your patients.

Assess before implementation.

Manic patient: decrease stimuli and increase rest period and no competition.

Lithium helps control impulsive behaviors.

Fluphenazine (Prolixin): antipsychotic medication

Thiamine sources: organ meats, liver, whole grain, nuts, legume, egg, and milk.

Don't document abuse. Report suspected abuse to nursing supervisor.

Never promise a patient "Not to tell."

Tonometry--measures intraocular pressure; to rule out glaucoma

Myopia--nearsightedness (near clear, distance clear)

Hyperopia--farsightedness (distance is clear, near vision blurry)

Presbyopia--changes with aging

Blind client: address by name, introduce self, keep furniture arrangement consistent, open or close doors walk ½ step ahead, identify food location on tray.

Instilling ear drops lie patient on unaffected ear to absorb drops.

Position patient on affected ear to promote drainage.

Regular Insulin only given IV.

Sick day rules: take insulin as ordered, check blood glucose q3-4 hours, soft foods, liquids

Phenylketonuria--high blood phenylalanine (no enzyme), results in mental retardation; milk substitutes, low-protein diet

Celiac Disease (SPrue)--intestinal malabsorption, malnutrition (unable to digest wheat/rye/oats/barley); gluten-free diet

Hepatobiliary disease--decrease in ability of bile to absorb fat, fat malabsorption; low-fat high-protein diet, vitamins

Cystic fibrosis--absence of pancreatic enzymes, malabsorption of fat, lung disease, pancreatic enzyme replacement, high-protein, high-calorie diet, respiratory care/suction

Position right side to promote gastric emptying.

Dumping syndrome prevention: restrict fluid with meals, lie down after eating, small, frequent meals, low-carbohydrate, low-fiber diet

Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube--to treat pt. with esophageal varices.

Hepatitis B Vaccine

Given IM to vastus lateralis or deltoid

Side effects: mild tenderness at site

*1st shot - Birth to 3 months

*2nd shot - 1 to 4 months

*3rd shot - 6 to 18 months

DTaP (Diptheria, Tetorifice, and Pertussis)

Given IM anterior or lateral thigh

Side effects: fever within 24-48 hours, swelling, redness, soreness

Don't treat with aspirin, use other antipyretic.

*1st shot - 2 months

*2nd shot - 4 months

*3rd shot - 6 months

*4th shot - 15 to 18 months

*5th shot - 4 to 6 years

*Only TD shot - 11 to 16 years

Hib (Influenza)

*1st shot - 2months

*2nd shot - 4months

*3rd shot - 6 months

*4th shot - 12 to 18 months

IPV (Inactive Polio Vaccine)

Given PO, Few side effects

*1st shot - 2 months

*2nd shot - 4 months

*3rd shot - 6 to 18 months

*4th shot - 4 to 6 years

MMR (Mumps, Measles, and Rubella)

Given SC anterior or lateral thigh

Side effects: rash, fever, arthritis in 10 days to 2 weeks.

*1st shot - 12 to 18 months

*2nd shot - 4 to 6 years

Varicella (Chickenpox)

*12 to 18 months

PCV (Pneumococcal)

*1st shot - 2 months

*2nd shot - 4 months

*3rd shot - 6 months

*4th shot - 12 to 18 months

TB

Given intradermal

Evaluated in 48 to 72 hours

TD

Given IM into anterior or lateral thigh

Repeated every 10 years

Live attenuated Rubella

Given once SC into anterior or lateral thigh

Given to antibody-negative women

Prevent pregnancy for 3 months after receiving immunization

Live attenuated mumps

Given once SC

Prevents orchitis

Normal Vital Signs

Newborn

*Pulse 120-140 bpm, increases with crying

*Respirations 30-50/min, diaphgramatic (abdomen moves), can be irregular

*BP 60/40 - 80/50 mmHg

1-4 year old

*Pulse: 80-140

*Resp: 20-40

*BP: 90-60 - 99/65

5-12 year old

*Pulse: 70-115

*Resp: 15-25

*BP: 100/56 - 110/60

Adult

*Pulse: 60-100

*Resp: 12-20

*BP: 90/60-140/90

Aortic Valve: Right of Sternum at the 2nd intercostal space

Pulmonic Valve: Left of Sternum at the 2nd intercostal space

Tricuspid Valve: Immediately left of sternal border at the 5th Intercostal Space

Mitral Valve (Point of Maximal Impulse): Left of Sternum Mid-Clavicular Line at the 5th Intercostal Space

Erbb's Point: Left of Sternum at the 3rd intercostal space

Infant (Point of Maximal Impulse): Lateral to sternum 4th intercostals space

Obese person choking use Chest Thrusts.

Tracheostomy tube placement of cuff maintained to prevent aspiration

Care for patient first, equipment second

Signs for hypoxia: restlessness, tachycardia

CPR: Shake, shout, summon help, open airway, look, listen, feel for signs of breathing, pinch nose, give 2 full breaths (if no rise, reposition)

Adults 12/min check carotid, chest compressions 80-100/min 1.5 inches

Infants 20/min check brachial pulse, chest compression 100/min ½ - 1 inch

15:2 Adult 4 cycles

Infant 20 cycles

Reassess pulse and breathing

Continue CPR until:

*Victim responds

*Someone else takes over

*Victim is transferred

*Rescuer is unable to continue

MI

*Chest pain radiating to arms, jaw, neck (which is unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin)

*Dyspnea

*Indigestion

*Apprehension

*Low grade fever

*Elevated WBC (5-10, ESR, CK-MB, LDH)Implementation for MI

*Thrombolytic therapy-streptokinase, t-PA

*Bedrest

*Beta-blockers, morphine sulfate, dysrhythmics, anticoagulants

*Do not force fluids (will give heart more to work with)

Defibrillation

*Start CPR first

*1st attempt - 200 joules

*2nd attempt - 200 to 300 joules

*3rd attempt - 360 joules

*Check monitor between shocks for rhythm

Cardioversion

*Elective procedure, Informed Consent

*Valium IV

*Synchronizer on

*25-360 joules

*Check monitor between rhythm

Epidural hematoma - short period of unconsciousness, ipsilateral papillary dilation, contralateral weakness of extremities

Subdural hematoma - decreased LOC, ipsilateral papillary dilation, contralateral weakness of extremities, personality changes

CSF leakage - good place to look is behind the ears.

Head Injury - elevate bed 30 degrees, barbiturate therapy, hypothermia, glucocorticoids (Decadron)

Flail Chest

Affected side goes down during inspiration and up during expirationSucking Chest Wound

(Sucking Open Pneumothorax)

*Sucking sound with respiration

*Pain

*Decreased breath sounds

*AnxietyPneumothorax

Collapse of lung due to alteration of air in intrapleural space

*Dyspnea

*Pleuritic pain

*Restricted movement on affected side

*Decreased/absent breath sounds

*Cough

*HypotensionImplementation

Monitor for shock

Humidified oxygen

Thoracentesis (aspiration of fluid from pleural space)

Chest Tubes

Cullen's Sign - ecchymosis around umbilicus

Turner's Sign - ecchymosis around either flank

Balance's sign - resonance over spleen (+) means rupture of spleen

Shock Signs and Symptoms

*Cool, clammy skin

*Cyanosis

*Decreased alertness

*Tachycardia

*Hypotension

*Shallow, rapid respirations

*Oliguria

Hypovolemic

Decreased in intravascular volumeCardiogenic

Decreased cardiac outputDistributive

Problem with blood flow to cells

Implementation for shock

*Monitor CVP: 11 too much fluid

Increased ICP

Assessments

*Altered LOC (Earliest Sign)

*Glasgow coma scale

*Confusion

*Restlessness

*Pupillary changes

*Vital sign changes - WIDENING PULSE PRESSUREImplementations

*Monitor vital signs

*Monitor Glasgow Coma Scale

*Elevate head 30-45 degrees

*Avoid neck flexion and head rotation

*Reduce environmental stimuli

*Prevent Valsalva maneuver

*Restrict fluids to 1200-1500 cc/day

*Medications - Osmotic diuretics, corticosteroids

Seizures:

do not restrain

do not insert anything in mouth

Electrolytes

Potassium: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L

Calcium: 4.5-5.2 mEq/L

Magnesium: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Hypokalemia Assessments

*K+

*Muscle weakness

*Paresthesias

*Dysrhythmias

*Increased sensitivity to digitalisHypokalemia Implementations

*Potassium Supplements

*Don't give > 40 mEq/L into peripheral IV or without cardiac monitor

*Increase dietary intake - oranges, apricots, beans, potatoes, carrots, celery, raisins

Hyperkalemia Assessments

*K+ >5.0 mEq/L

*EKG changes

*Paralysis

*Diarrhea

*NauseaHyperkalemia Implementations

*Restrict oral intake

*Kayexalate

*Calcium Gluconate and Sodium Bircarbonate IV

*Peritoneal or hemodialysis

*Diuretics

Hyponatremia Assessments

*Na+

*Nausea

*Muscle cramps

*Confusion

*Increased ICPHyponatremia Implementations

*I & O

*Daily weight

*Increase oral intake of sodium rich foods

*Water restriction

*IV Lactated Ringer's or 0.9% NaCL

Hypernatremia Assessments

*Na+ >145 mEq/L

*Disorientation, delusion, hallucinations

*Thirsty, dry, swollen tongue

*Sticky mucous membranes

*Hypotension

*TachycardiaHypernatremia Assessments

*I & O

*Daily Weight

*Give hypotonic solutions: 0.45% NaCl or 5% Dextrose in water IV

Hypocalcemia Assessments

*Ca+

*Tetany

*Positive Trousseau's sign

*Positive Chvostek's sign

*Seizures

*Confusion

*Irritability, paresthesiasHypocalcemia Implementations

*Oral calcium supplements with orange (maximizes absorption)

*Calcium gluconate IV

*Seizure precautions

*Meet safety needs

Hypercalcemia Assessments

*Ca+> 5.2 mEq/L

*Sedative effects on CNS

*Muscle weakness, lack of coordination

*Constipation, abdominal pain

*Depressed deep tendon reflexes

*DysrhythmiasHypercalcemia Implementations

*0.4% NaCl or 0.9% NaCl IV

*Encourage fluids (acidic drinks: cranberry juice)

*Diuretics

*Calcitonin

*Mobilize patient

*Surgery for hyperparathyroidism

Hypomagnesemia Assessments

Mg+

Neuromuscular irritability

Tremors

Seizures

Tetany

Confusion

DysphagiaHypomagnesemia Implementations

Monitor cardiac rhythm and reflexes

Test ability to swallow

Seizure precautions

Increase oral intake--green vegetables, nuts, bananas, oranges, peanut butter, chocolate

Hypermagnesemia Assessments

Mg + > 2.5 mEq/L

Hypotension

Depressed cardiac impulse transmission

Absent deep tendon reflexes

Shallow respirationsHypermagnesemia Implementations

Discontinue oral and IV magnesium

Monitor respirations, cardiac rhythm, reflexes

IV Calcium to antagonize cardiac depressant activity (helps to stimulate heart)

Burns Assessments

*Superficial partial thickness--pink to red, painful

*Deep partial thickness--red to white, blisters, painful

*Full thickness--charred, waxy, white, painless

Wound Care for Burns

Never break blisters

Isotonic fluids (Lactated Ringer's)

Closed method (Silvadene) covered with dressings

Open method (Sulfamylon) that are not covered with dressings

IV pain medication initially: not PO takes too long, not IM circulation impaired

Medicate patient before wound care

Silver nitrate (warn patient skin will turn black)

High calorie, High carbohydrate, High protein diet

Vitamin B,C, and Iron

TPN maybe

Prevent contractures

Addisson's Disease Assessments

Fatigue

Weakness

Dehydration

Eternal tan

Decreased resistance to stress

Low Sodium

Low Blood Sugar

High PotassiumAddisson's Disease Implementations

High protein, High carbohydrate, high Sodium, Low potassium diet

Teach life-long hormone replacement

Addisonian Crisis Assessments

*Hypotension

*Extreme weakness

*Nausea vomiting

*Abdominal pain

*Severe hypoglycemia

*DehydrationAddisonian Crisis Implementations

*Administer NaCl IV, vasopressors, hydrocortisone

*Monitor vital signs

*Absolute bedrest

Cushing's Syndrome Assessments

*Osteoporosis

*Muscle wasting

*Hypertension

*Purple skin striations

*Moon face

*Truncal obesity

*Decreased resistance to infectionCushing's Syndrome Implementations

*Low Carbohydrate, Low Calorie, High Protein, High Potassium, Low sodium diet

*Monitor glucose level

*Postop care after adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy

Pheochromocytoma Assessments--hypersecretions of the catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine)

*Persistent hypertension

*Hyperglycemia

*Pounding headache

*Palpitations

*Visual disturbancesPheochromocytoma Implementations

*Histamine Test, Regitine Test, 24- hour urine VMA test

*Avoid emotional and physical stress

*Encourage rest

*Avoid coffee and stimulating foods

*Postop care after adrenalectomy and medullectomy

COPD Assessments

*"Blue Bloaters"

*"Pink Puffers"

*Weakness

*Change in postured day and hs (don't sleep laying down, have to stay erect)

*Use of accessory muscles of breathing

*Dyspnea

*Cough

*Adventitious breath soundsCOPD Implementations

*Assess airway clearance

*Listen to breath sounds

*Administer low-flow oxygen (1-2 L, not too much because your trying to prevent CO2 narcosis)

*Encourage fluids

*Small frequent feedings

*Use metered dose inhalers (MDI)

Pneumonia Assessments

*Fever

*Leukocytosis

*Productive Cough (rust, green, yellow)

*Dyspnea

*Pleuritic pain

*TachycardiaPneumonia Implementations

*Check breath sounds

*Cough and deep breath q 2 hours

*Chest physiotherapy

*Antibiotics

*Incentive spirometer

*Encourage fluids

*Suction PRN

*Provide oxygen

*Semi-Fowler's position

*Bedrest

*Medications--mucolytics (Mucomyst), expectorants (Robitussin), Bronchodilators (Aminophylline), Antibiotics (Bacterim)

Acyanotic Congenital Heart Anomalies Assessments

*Normal Color

*Possible exercise intolerance

*Small stature

*Failure to thrive

*Heart murmur

*Frequent respiratory Infections

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Anomalies Assessments

*Cyanosis

*Clubbing of fingers

*Seizures

*Marked exercise intolerance

*Difficulty eating

*Squat to decrease respiratory distress

*Small stature

*Failure to thrive

*Characteristic murmur

*Frequent respiratory infections

Acyanotic Congenital Heart Anomalies Types:

*Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)--abnormal opening between right/left ventricles; hole size of pinhole or absence of septum; hear a loud harsh murmur, at age of 3 hole may close otherwise surgery such as purse-string suture

*Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)--abnormal opening between the two atria; audible murmur (if defect is severe closure is done later in childhood)

*Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)--failure of fetal structure to close after birth; ductus areteriosis in the fetus connects the pulmonary artery to aorta to shunt oxygenenated blood from the placenta to systemic circulation (which bypasses the lungs). Once the child is born that structure should close because it is no longer needed because blood passes through to lungs; vascular congestion, right ventricular hypertrophy; murmur, bounding pulse, tachycardia; surgical to divide or ligate the vessel.

*Coarctation of the Aorta--narrow of aorta; high blood pressure and bounding pulse in areas that receive blood proximal to the defect. Weak and absent blood distal to aorta. Surgical end-to-end anastomosis.

*Pulomonic Stenosis--narrowing at entrance to pulmonary artery; causes resistance to blood flow and right ventricular hypertrophy; surgery

*Aortic Stenosis--narrowing of aortic valve; causes decrease cardiac output; surgery

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Anomalies Types:

*Tetralogy of Fallot--VSD, pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy; squats/knee chest position to help breath; surgery needed

*Transposition of great vessels--pulmonary artery leaves left ventricle and aorta leaves right ventricle; oxygenated blood not going into systemic circulation

*Truncus arteriosus--failure of normal septation and embryonic division of the pulmonary artery and aorta; rather than two distinctly different vessels there is a single vessel that overrides both ventricles and gives rise to both pulmonary and systemic circulation; blood enters from both common artery and either goes to the lungs or to the body; cyanosis, murmur, difficult intolerance

*Total anomalous venous return--absence of direct communication between pulmonary veins and left atria; pulmonary veins attach directly to right atria or drains to right atria

Congenital Heart Anomalies Compensatory Mechanisms

*Tachycardia

*Polycythemia (increase formation of RBC's)

*Posturing--squatting, knee-chest position

Congenital Heart Anomalies Implementations

*Prevention

*Recognize early symptoms

*Monitor vital signs and heart rhythms

*Medications--digoxin, iron, diuretics, potassium

*Change feeding pattern

Left-Side CHF

*Dyspnea, orthopnea

*Cough

*Pulmonary edema

*Weakness/Changes in mental statusRight-Side CHF

*Dependent edema

*Liver enlargement

*Abdominal pain/Nausea/Bloating

*Coolness of extremities

CHF Implementations

*Administer digoxin, diuretics

*Low-sodium, low-calorie, low-residue diet

*Oxygen therapy

*Daily weight

*Teach about medications and diet

Arterial Peripheral Vascular Disease

Assessments

*Rubor

*Cool shiny skin

*Ulcers

*Gangrene

*Intermittent Claudication (pain with exercise/walking relieved with rest)

*Impaired sensation

*Decreased peripheral pulsesArterial Peripheral Vascular Disease

Implementations

*Monitor Peripheral pulses

*Good foot care

*Stop smoking

*Regular exercise

*Medications--vasodilators, anticoagulants

Venous Peripheral Vascular Disease

Assessments

*Cool, brown skin

*Edema

*Normal or decreased pulses

*Positive Homan's signVenous Peripheral Vascular Disease

Implementations

*Monitor peripheral pulses

*Elastic stockings

*Medications--anticoagulants

*Elevate legs

*Warm, moist packs

*Bedrest 4-7 days (acute phase)

Anemia Assessments (reduction in hemoglobin amount/erythrocytes)

*Palpitations

*Dyspnea

*Diaphoresis

*Chronic fatigue

*Sensitivity to coldAnemia Implementations

*Identify cause

*Frequent rest periods

*High protein, high iron, high vitamin diet

*Protect from infection

Iron Deficiency Anemia Assessments

*Fatigue

*Glossitis

*Spoon fingernails

*Impaired cognitionIron Deficiency Anemia Implementations

*Increase iron-rich foods (liver, green leafy vegetables)

*Iron supplements (stains teeth)

Pernicious Anemia Assessments (gastric mucosa fail to secrete enough intrinsic factor for stomach to absorb)

*Schilling's Test

*Fatigue

*Sore, red tongue

*Paresthesia in hands and feetPernicious Anemia Assessments

*Vitamin B12--IM

*Rest of life can't be absorbed PO

Sickle Cell Anemia Assessments

*Pain /Swelling/Fever

*Schlerae jaundiced

*Cardiac murmurs

*TachycardiaSickle Cell Anemia Implementations

*Check for signs of infection (prevent crisis)

*Check joint areas for pain and swelling

*Encourage fluids

*Provide analgesics with PCA pump c crisis

Hemophilia Assessments (female to male gene transmission)

*Easy bruising

*Joint pain

*Prolonged bleedingHemophilia Implementations

*Administer plasma or factor VIII

*Analgesics

*Cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor (AHF)

*Teach about lifestyle changes

*Non contact sports

Cancer Implementation: External Radiotherapy

*Leave markings on skin

*Avoid use of creams, lotions (only vitamin A&D ointment)

*Check for redness, cracking

*Wear cotton clothing

*Administer antiemetics

Cancer Implementation: Internal radiation sealed source

*Lead container and long-handled forceps in room

*Save all dressings, bed linen until source removed

*Urine and feces not radioactive

*Don't stand close or in line with source

*Patient on bed restCancer Implementation: Internal Radiation

*Time and distance important

*Private room sign on door

*Nurse wears dosimeter at all times

*Limit visitors and time spent in room

*Rotate staff

*Self-care when can do

Cancer Implementation: Internal radiation unsealed source

*All body fluids contaminated

*Greatest danger first 24-96 hours

Leukemia Assessments

*Ulcerations of mouth

*Anemia

*Fatigue

*Weakness

*PallorLeukemia Implementations

*Monitor for signs of bleeding: petechiae, ecchymosis, thrombocytopenia

*Infections

*Neutropenia (private room/limit # people, wbc done daily, no fruit, no flowers/plotted plants, clean toothbrush with weak bleach solution

*Good mouth care

*High calorie, high Vitamin diet (avoid salads/raw fruit/pepper/don't reuse cup/don't change litter box/digging in garden

Intracranial Tumors Assessments

*Motor deficits

*Hearing or visual disturbances

*Dizziness

*Paresthesia

*Seizures

*Personality disturbances

*Changes in LOCIntracranial Tumors Implementations

*Preoperative: do neurological assessment, patient head shaved

*Postoperative: maintain airway, elevate head 30-45 after supratentorial surgery

*Flat and lateral after infratentorial surgery

*Monitor vital and neurological signs

*Glascow coma scale

Therapeutic Positions

Supine--avoids hip flexion

Dorsal recumbent--supine with knees flexed

Prone--extension of hip joint(after amputation)

Side lateral--drainage of oral secretions

Knee-chest--visualization of rectal area

Sim's--decreases abdominal tension (side lying with legs bent)

Fowler's--increases venous return, lung expansion

High Fowler's--60-90

Fowler's--45-60

Semi-Fowler's--30-45

Low Fowler's--15-30

Modified Trendelenburg--used for shock;Feet elevated 20 degrees, knees straight, trunk flat, head slightly elevated

Elevation of extremity--increases blood to extremity and venous return

Lithotomy--used for lady partsl exam

4 point Gait

Weight bearing both legs

RC, LF, LC, RF2 point Gait

Bearing both legs

RC/LF, LC/RF3 point Gait

Bearing one leg

Weaker leg both crutches, then stronger legSwing-to-swing through

Partial weight bearing both legs

Both crutches, one or two legs

Stairs

Going up--"good" leg first, crutches, "bad" leg

Going down--crutches with "bad" leg, then "good" leg

"Up with the good, down with the bad"

Walker

*Flex elbows 20-30 degrees when hands are on grips

*Lift and move walker forward 8-10 inches

*Step forward with "bad" leg, support self on arms, follow with "good" leg

*Stand behind client holding onto gait belt

Myelogram--x-ray visualization of the spinal canal by injection of radiopaque dye.

*Hydration done 12 hours before procedure

*Cleansing enemas

*Avoid seizure-promoting medicationsPost-procedure

*Water-soluble dye--elevate head of bed 30 degrees (not removed)

*Oil based dye--flat in bed (removed)

*Bedrest 24 hours encourage fluids

Laminectomy--excision portion of lamina to expose area of affected disc

*Preopcare: moist heat

*Fowler's position

*Isometric exercises for abdominal muscles

*Muscle relaxants, NSAIDs, Analgesics

*Traction, TENSPostoperative care:

*Assess circulation and sensation

*Log roll Q2 hours with pillow between leg

*Calf exercises, assist with ambulation keeping back straight

*Muscle relaxants, NSAIDS, analgesics, Teaching--daily exercises, firm mattress, avoid prone position and heavy lifting

*Avoid sitting long time

Dysplasia of the Hip Assessment

*Uneven gluteal folds and thigh creases

*Limited abduction of hip

*Ortolani's sign--place infant on back with legs flexed, clicking sound with abduction of legs

*Shortened limb on affected sideDysplasia of the Hip Implementations

Newborn to 6 months

*Reduced by manipulation

*Pavlik harness for 3 to 6 months

6 to 18 months

*Bilateral Bryant's traction

*Hip spica cast

Older child

*Open reduction

*Hip Spica cast

Scoliosis Assessments--lateral deviation of one or more of vertebrae accompanied by rotary motion of spine

*Uneven hips or scapulae

*Kyphosis lump on back

*Bend at waist to visualize deformity

*Structural (flexible deviation corrected with bending) or functional (permanent heredirary that is seen)Scoliosis Implementations

*Exercises to strengthen abdominal muscles (if functional)

*Surgery: spinal fusion insertion of Herrington Rod

*Milwaukee brace: used with curves 30-40 degrees

*Wear 4-6 years, worn 23 hours of the day, wear undershirt to prevent irritation, teach isometric exercises

Cerebral Palsy Assessments

*Voluntary muscles poorly controlled due to brain damage

*Spasticity, rigidity, ataxia, repetitive involuntary gross motor movementsCerebral Palsy Implementations

*Ambulation devices, PT and OT

*Muscle relaxants and anticonvulsants

*Feeding: place food at back of mouth with slight downward pressure. Never tilt head backward.

*High calorie diet

Muscular Dystrophy Assessments

Atrophy of voluntary muscles

Muscle weakness, lordosis, falls Braces to help ambulation

Balance activity and rest

Parkinson's Disease Assessments

*Deficiency of dopamine

*Tremors, rigidity, propulsive gait

*Monotonous speech

*Mask like expressionParkinson's Disease Implementations

*Teach ambulation modification: goose stepping walk (marching), ROM exercises

*Medications--Artane, Cogentin, L-Dopa, Parlodel, Sinemet, Symmetrel

Myasthenia Gravis Assessments

*Deficiency of acetylcholine

*Muscular weakness produced by repeated movement

*Dysphagia

*Respiratory distressMyasthenia Gravis Implementations

*Good eye care, restful environment

*Medications--anticholinesterases, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants

*Avoid crisis: infection

*Symptoms: sudden ability to swallow

Clear liquid

No milk

No juice with pulpFull liquid

No jam

No fruit

No nutsLow-fat cholesterol restricted

Can eat lean meat

No avocado, milk, bacon, egg yolks butterSodium restricted

No cheeseHigh roughage, high fiber

No white bread without fiberLow-residue

Minimize intestinal activity

Buttered rice white processed food, no whole wheat corn bran

High protein diet

Restablish anabolism to raise albumin levels

Egg, roast beef sandwich,

No junk foodRenal

Keeps protein, potassium and sodium low

No beans, no cereals, no citrus fruitsLow-phenylalanine diet

Prevents brain damage from imbalance of amino acids

Fats, fruits, jams allowed

No meats eggs bread

Glomerulonephritis Assessment

*Fever, Chills

*Hematuria

*Proteinuria

*Edema

*Hypertension

*Abdominal or flank pain

*Occurs 10 days after beta hemolytic streptococcal throat infectionGlomerulonephritis Implementation

*Antibiotics, corticosteroids

*Antihypertensives, immunosuppressive agents

*Restrict sodium and water intake

*Bedrest

*I&O

*Daily weight

*High Calorie, Low protein

Urinary Diversion: Assessments

*Done for: Bladder t umors, birth defects, neurogenic bladder, interstitial cystitis

*Ileal Conduit

*Koch PouchUrinary Diversion Implementations

*Nephrostomy: flank incision and insertion of nephrostomy tube into renal pelvis; penrose drain after surgery; surgical dressing

*Ureterosigmoidostomy: urters detached from bladder and anastomosed to sigmoid colon; encourage voiding via rectum q 2-4 hours;no enemas or cathartics; complications--electrolyte imbalance, infection, obstruction; urine and stool evacuated towards orifice.

*Cutaneous Ureterostomy: Stoma formed from ureters excised from bladder and brought to abdominal wall; stoma on right side below waist; assist with alteration in body image

*Illeal Conduit: Ureters replanted into portion of terminal ileum and brought to abdominal wall; check for obstruction; mucous threads in urine normal

*Koch Pouch (Continent Illeal Conduit): Ureters transplanted into pouch made from ileum with one-way valve; drainage of pouch by catheter under control of client; drain pouch at regular intervals

Acute Renal Failure Assessments: Oliguric Phase

*Output

*Hypertension

*Anemia

*CHF

*Confusion

*Increased K+, Ca+, Na+, BUN, CreatinineAcute Renal Failure Assessments: Diuretic Phase

*Output 4-5 L/day

*Increased BUN

*Na+, K+ lost in urine

*Increased mental and physical activityAcute Renal Failure Causes

*Prerenal--reduced blood volume

*Renal--nephrotoxic drugs, glomerulonephritis

*Postrenal--obstructionAcute Renal Failure Implementations:

*Low-output stage: Limit fluids, Kayexalate, Dialysis

*High-output stage: Fluids as needed, K+ replacement, Dialysis

*I&O

*Daily Weight

*Monitor Electrolytes

*Bedrest during acute phase

*IV fluids

*Diet restrictions

*Oliguric phase: limit fluids, TPN maybe

*After Diuretic phase: high protein, high calorie diet

Hemodialysis Implementation

*Check for thrill and bruit q 8 hours

*Don't use extremity for BP, finger stick

*Monitor vital signs, weight, breath sounds

*Monitor for hemorrhagePeritoneal Dialysis

*Weight before and after treatment

*Monitor BP

*Monitor breath sounds

*Use sterile technique

*If problem with outflow, reposition client

*Side effects: constipationTypes of Peritoneal Dialysis

*Continuous ambulatory (CAPD)

*Automated

*Intermittent

*Continuous

Ego Defense Mechanisms

Denial--failure to acknowledge thought

Displacement--redirect feelings to more acceptable subject

Projection--attributing your feelings to someone else

Undoing--attempt to erase an act, thought or feeling

Compensation--attempt to overcome shortcoming

Symbolization--less threatening object used to represent another

Substitution--replacing unacceptable or unobtainable object to one that is acceptable or attainable

Introjection--symbolic taking into oneself the characteristics of another

Repression--unacceptable thoughts kept from awareness

Reaction formation--expressing attitude opposite of unconscious wish or fear

Regression--returning to an earlier developmental phase

Dissociation--detachment of painful emotional conflicts from consciousness

Suppression--consciously putting thought out of awareness

Dying patient: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

Bipolar Disorder Assessments

*Disoriented, flight of ideas

*Lacks inhibitions, agitated

*Easily stimulated by environment

*Sexually indiscreet

*Affective disorder

*Maintain contact with reality

*Elation is defense against underlying depression

*Manipulative behavior results from poor self-esteemBipolar Disorder Implementations

*Meet physical needs first

*Simplify environment

*Distract and redirect energy

*Provide external controls

*Set limits: escalating hyperactivity

*Use consistent approach

*Administer Lithium (help Manic Phase of Bipolar, keep hydrated)

*Increase awareness of feelings through reflection

Schizophrenia Assessments

*Withdrawal from relationships and world

*Inappropriate display of feelings

*Hypochondriasis

*Suspiciousness

*Inability to test reality, regression

*Hallucinations--false sensory perceptions

*Delusions--persistent false beliefs; grandeur (feel higher rank); persecutory (beliefs to be a victim); ideas of reference (see people talking think talking about them)

*Loose associations

*Short attention span

*Inability to meet basic needs: nutrition, hygiene

*RegressionSchizophrenia Types

*Disorganized--inappropriate behavior, transient hallucinations

*Catatonic--sudden onset mutism, stereotyped position, periods of agitation

*Paranoid--late onset in life, suspiciousness, ideas of persecution and delusions

Schizophrenia Implementations

*Maintain safety--protect from erratic behavior

*With hallucination--do not argue, validate reality, respond to feeling tone, never further discuss voices (don't ask to tell more about voices)

*With delusions--do not argue, point out feeling tone, provide diversional activities

*Meet physical needs

*Establish therapeutic relationship

*Institute measures to promote trust

*Engage in individual, group, or family therapy

*Encourage client's affect

*Accept nonverbal behavior

*Accept regression

*Provide simple activities or tasks

Paranoid Assessments

Suspiciousness

Cold, blunted affect

Quick response with anger or rageParanoid Implementations

Establish trust

Low doses phenothiazines for anxiety

Structured social situations

Schizoid Assessments

Shy and introverted

Little verbal interaction

Few friends

Uses intellectualizationSchizoid Implementations

Establish trust

Low doses phenothiazines for anxiety

Structured social situations

Schizotypal Assessments

Eccentric

Suspicious of others

Blunted affect

Problems with perceiving, communicatingSchizotypal Interventions

Establish trust

Low doses neuroleptics to decrease psychotic symptoms

Structured social situations

Antisocial Assessments

Disregards rights of others

Lying, cheating, stealing, promiscuous

Lack of guilt

Immature

Irresponsible

Associated with substance abuseAntisocial Implementations

Firm limit-setting

Confront behaviors consistently

Enforce consequences

Group therapy

Borderline Assessments

Brief and intense relationships

Blames others for own problems

Impulsive, manipulative

Self-mutilation

Women who have been sexually abused

Suicidal when frustrated, stressedBorderline implementations

Identify and verbalize feelings

Use empathy

Behavioral contract

Journaling

Consistent limit-setting

Group therapy

Narcissistic Assessments

Arrogant lack of feelings and empathy for others

Sense of entitlement

Uses others to meet own needs

Shallow relationships

Views self as superior to othersNarcissistic Implementations

Mirror what client sounds like

Limit-setting

Consistency

Teach that mistakes are acceptable

Histrionic Assessments

Draws attention to self

Somatic complaints

Temper tantrums, outbursts

Shallow, shifting emotions

Cannot deal with feelings

Easily influenced by othersHistrionic Implementations

Positive reinforcement for other centered behaviors

Clarify feelings

Facilitate expression of feelings

Dependent Assessments

Passive

Problem working independently

Helpless when alone

Dependent on others for decisions

Fears loss of support and approvalDependent Implementations

Emphasize decision-making

Teach assertiveness

Assist to clarify feelings and needs

Avoidant Assessments

Socially uncomfortable

Hypersensitive to criticism, Lacks self-confidence

Fears intimate relationshipsAvoidant Implementations

Gradually confront fears

Discuss feelings

Teach assertiveness

Increase exposure to small groups

Obssessive-compulsive Assessments

High personal standards for self and others

Preoccupied with rules, lists, organized

Perfectionists

IntellectualizeObssessive-compulsive Implementations

Explore feelings

Help with decision-making

Confront procrastination

Teach that mistakes are acceptable

Manipulative behavior Assessments

Unreasonable requests for time, attention, favors

Divides staff against each other

Intimidates others

Use seductive or disingenuous approachManipulative Behavior Implementations

Use consistent undivided staff approach

Set limits

Be alert for manipulation

Check for destructive behavior

Help client to see consequences of behavior

Acute Alcohol Intoxication

Drowsiness

Slurred speech

Tremors

Impaired thinking

Belligerence

Loss of inhibitionsAcute Alcohol Implementations

Protect airway

Assess for injuries

Withdrawal assess

IV glucose

Counsel about alcohol use

Alcohol Withdrawal Assessments

Tremors

insomnia

anxiety

hallucinationsAfter WithdrawalDelirium Tremens Assessments

Disorientation

Paranoia

Ideas of reference

Suicide attempts

Grand mal convulsions

Alcohol Withdrawal Implementations

Monitor vital signs, especially pulse

Administer sedation, anticonvulsants, thiamine (IM or IV), glucose (IV)

Seizure precautions

Quiet, well-lighted environment

Stay with patient

Chronic Alcohol Dependence Assessments

*Persistent incapacitation

*Cyclic drinking or "binges"

*Others in family take over client's role

*Family violenceChronic Alcohol Dependence Implementations

*Identify problems related to drinking

*Help client see problem

*Establish control of problem

*Alcoholics anonymous

*Antabuse

*Counsel spouse and children

Wernicke's Syndrome Assessments

*Confusion

*Diplopia, nystagmus

*Ataxia

*ApathyWernicke's Syndrome Implementations

*Thiamine (IM or IV)

*Abstinence from alcohol

Korsakoff's Psychosis Assessments

*Memory disturbances with confabulation

*Learning problems

*Altered taste and smell

*Loss of reality testingKorsakoff's Psychosis Implementations

*Balanced diet

*Thiamine

*Abstinence from alcohol

Retinopathy of Prematurity Assessment

Demarcation line with ridge

Retinal detachmentRetinopathy of Prematurity Implementations

Prevent by using minimum oxygen concentrations

Monitor PO2

Eye exam (premature infants)

Strabismus (cross-eyed) Assessments

Deviation of eye

Diplopia

Tilts head or squintsCorrective lenses Implementations

Eye exercises

surgery

Detached Retina Assessments

Flashes of light

Loss of vision

Particles moving in line of vision

confusionDetached Retina Implementations

Bedrest, affected eye in dependent position

Eye patched (one or both)

Surgery

Sedatives and tranquilizers

Avoid stooping, straining at stool, strenuous activity 3 months

Cataracts Assessments

Distorted, blurred vision

Milky white pupilCataracts Implementations

Postop: check for hemorrhage

Check pupil--constricted with lens implanted, dilated without lens

Eye drops

Night shield

Sleep on unaffected side

Glaucoma Assessments

Abnormal increase in intraocular pressure that leads to blindness

Blurred vision

Lights with halos

Decreased peripheral vision

Pain

HeadacheGlaucoma Implementations

Administer miotics (constrict pupil, allows more area for aqueous humor to flow), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Surgery

Avoid heavy lifting, straining of stool

Mydriatics (dilates pupil, makes angle smaller and constrict aqueous flow) are contraindicated with glaucoma.

Trigeminal Neuralgia Assessments

*Stabbing, burning facial pain

*Twitching of facial musclesTrigeminal Neuralgia Implementations

*Medications--analgesics, Tegretol

*Surgery

Bell's Palsy Assessments

*Inability to close eye

*Increased lacrimation

*Distorted side of faceBell's Palsy Implementations

*Isometric exercises for face

*Prevent corneal abrasions

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Assessments

*Paresthesia

*Motor losses beginning in lower extremities

*Altered autonomic functionGuillain-Barre Syndrome Implementations

*Medications--steroids

*Aggressive respiratory care

*Physical therapy

*Eye care

*Prevent complications: respiratory and aspiration

Meningitis Assessments

*Nuchal rigidity

*Kerning's sign

*Brudzinski's sign

*Seizures

*Bulging fontanels

*High-pitched cryMeningitis Implementations

*Medications--antibiotics, antifungals

*Prevent complications: droplet precautions, contagious

Thoracentesis: no more than 1000cc taken at one time.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Preparation

*Test brains waves; seizure disorders

*Tranquilizer and stimulant meds withheld for 24-48 hours

*Stimulants (caffeine, cigarettes) withheld for 24 hours

*May be asked to hyperventilate during test

*Meals not withheld

*Kept awake night before test; want them to lie stillElectroencephalogram (EEG)

Post-test

*Remove paste from hair

*Administer medications withheld before test

*Observe for seizure activity

*Seizure prodromal signs; epigastric distress, lights before the eyes

CAT Scan--dye gives flushed, warm face and metallic taste during injection (if contrast dye is used)

Myelogram: Post-test

*Supine 8-24 hours (Pantopaque oil-based dye used)

*Head raised 30-45degrees 8-16 hours(metrizamide water-soluble dye used)

Liver Biopsy Preparation

*Administer vitamin K IM (decrease risk of hemorrhage)

*NPO 6 hours

*Given sedative

*Position supine, lateral with upper arms elevated

*Asked to hold breath for 5-10 secondsLiver Biopsy Post-Test

*Position on operative side for 1-2 hours

*Gradually elevate head of bed 30 degrees (1st hour) and then 45 degrees (2nd 2 hours)

*Bedrest for 24 hours

*Check Vital signs

*Check clotting time, platelets, hematocrit

*Report severe abdominal pain

Upper GI Series Barium Swallow: stool white from barium

Tracheostomy Tube Cuff

*Purpose--prevents aspiration of fluids

*Inflated

oDuring continuous mechanical ventilation

oDuring and after eating

oDuring and 1 hour after tube feeding

oWhen patient cannot handle oral secretions

Oxygen Administration: assess patency of nostril, apply jelly

*Face mask: 5-10 l/min (40-60%)

*Partial rebreather mask: 6-15 l/min (70-90%); keep reservoir bag 2/3 full during inspiration

*Non-rebreather mask: (60-100%); keep reservoir bag 2/3 full during inspiration

*Venturi mask: 4-10 l/min (20-50%); provides high humidity and fixed concentrations, keep tubing free of kinks

*Tracheostomy collar or T-piece: (20-100%); assess for fine mist; empty condensation from tubing' keep water container full

*Croupette or oxygen tent:

oDifficulty to measure amount of oxygen delivered

oProvides cooled, humidified air

oCheck oxygen concentration with oxygen analyzer q4 hours

oClean humidity jar and fill with distilled water daily

oCover patient with light blanket and cap for head

oRaise side rails completely

oChange linen frequently

oMonitor patient's temperature

Chest Tubes Implementations

*Use to utilize negative pressure in lungs

*Fill water-seal chamber with sterile water to 2 cm

*Fill suction control chamber with sterile water to 20 cm

*Maintain system below level of insertion

*Clamp only momentarily to check for air leaks

*Ok to milk tubing towards drainage

*Observe for fluctuation in water-seal chamber

*Encourage patient to change position frequentlyChest Tube Removal:

*Instruct patient to do valsalva maneuver

*Clamp chest tube

*Remove quickly

*Occlusive dressing appliedComplications of Chest Tubes:

*Constant bubbling in water-seal chamber=air leak

*Tube becomes dislodged from patient, apply dressing tented on one side

*Tube becomes disconnected from drainage system, cut off contaminated tip, insert sterile connector and reinsert

*Tube becomes disconnected from drainage system, immerse end in 2 cm of sterile water

CVP: measures blood volume and efficiency of cardiac work; tells us right side of heart able to manage fluid

*"0" on mamometer at level of right atrium at midaxilliary line

*Measure with patient flat in bed

*Open stopcock and fill manometer to 18-20 cm

*Turn stopcock, fluid goes to patient

*Level of fluid fluctuates with respirations

*Measure at highest level of fluctuation

*After insertion

oDry, sterile dressing

oChange dressing, IV fluids, manometer, tubing q24 hours

oInstruct patient to hold breath when inserted, withdrawn, tubing changed

oCheck and secure all connections

*Normal reading--3-11 cm water

*Elevated>11, indicates hypervolemia or poor cardiac contractility (slow down IV, notify physician)

*Lowered

*Chest tray at bedside

Eye irrigation: tilt head back and toward affected side

Eye drops: drop in center of conjunctival sac; prevent systemic absorption, press on inner angle of eye; don't allow drops to go from one eye to the other; don't squeeze eyes

Nasogastric Tubes:

*Levin-single--single-lumen, used for decompression or tube feeding

*Salem sump--double-lumen, used for decompression or tube feeding

*Sengstaken-Blakemore--triple-lumen, used for bleeding esophageal varices

*Linton-Nachlas--4-lumen, used for bleeding esophageal varices

*Keofeed/Dobhoff--soft silicone, used for long-term feedings

*Cantor--single lumen with mercury-filled balloon and suction port

*Miller-Abbott--double-lumen with mercury-filled balloon and suction port

*Harris--single lumen with mercury-filled balloon and suction port

NG tube placement:

"BEST WAY" to check is to aspirate for gastric contents and check for pH of aspirate

Implementation of feeding:

*Check residual before intermittent feeding, reinstall residual

*Check residual Q4 hours with continuous feeding, reinstall residual

*Hold feeding if >50% residual from previous hour (adults) or >25% (children)

*Flush tube with water before and after feeding

*Use pump to control rate of tube feeding

*Administer fluid at room temperature

*Change bag Q8 hours for continuous feeding

*Elevate head of bed while feeding is running

*Check patency Q4 hours

*Good mouth care

NG Irrigation Tubing:

*Verify placement of tube

*Insert 30-50 cc of normal saline into tube

*If feel resistance, change patient position, check for kinks

*Withdraw solution or record amount as input

NG removal:

*Clamp tube

*Remove tape

*Instruct patient to exhale

*Remove tube with smooth, continuous pull

Intestinal Tubes (Cantor, Mill-Abbott, Harris)

*Implementations

oAfter tube is in stomach, have patient lie on right side, then back in Fowler's position, then left side

oGravity helps to position tube

oCoil excess tube loosely on bed, do not tape

oPosition of tube verified by x-ray

oMeasure drainage QShift

*Removal

oClamp tube

oRemove tape

oDeflate balloon or aspirate contents of intestinal tube balloon

oInstruct patient to exhale

oRemove 6" every 10 min. until reaches the stomach, then remove completely with smooth, continuous pull

T-Tube: 500-1000 cc/day, bloody first 2 hours

Penrose: expect drainage on dressing

Enema Implementation

*Position on left side

*Use tepid solution

*Hold irrigation set no more than 18" above rectum

*Insert tube no more than 4"

*Do not use if abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, suspected appendicitis

Catheter insertion: 2-3" into urethra then 1" after urine flows

Male catheter: insert 6-7"

Catheter Urine Drainage bag: do not remove more than 700 cc at one time, clamp prior to removal

Ileostomy: post-op has loose, dark green, liquid drainage from stoma

Tonsillectomy: post-op frequently swallowing indicates hemorrhage

External contact lenses: need fine motor movements (rheumatoid arthritis prevents this).

Object in eye: never remove visible glass; apply loose cover and remain quiet.

Retina detached: sleep prone with affected side down; avoid jarring movements; avoid pin point movement with eye (sewing); high fluid and roughage (prevents constipation=no straining); make light sufficient for needs (75watt+); no hairwashing

Glaucoma medications: Epinephrine hydrochloride (Adrenalin Chloride) and Pilocarpine Hydrochloride (Pilocar): give Pilocar (therapeutic) first then wait 2-10minutes and instill adrenalin to increase absorption of adrenalin).

Tympanoplasty: remain in bed 24 hours position flat in bed with the affected ear up (helps to promote insertion).

Triglycerides elevation can falsely elevate glycosalated hemoglobin test.

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy post: encourage to walk to eliminate acute right shoulder pain.

Impetigo: 2 year old; honey-colored crusts, vesicles, and reddish macules around mouth; don't need to isolate; watch contact precautions.

Only patient we use distractions on the NCLEX are manic patients and toddlers not for pain.

Rhinoplasty (nose surgery) position post-op: want to promote drainage of oral secretions is to position on her right side.

1 cup= 240cc

Pregnancy is a contraindication to an MRI.

Raynaud's disease have decreased vascularity in the extremities.

Post-Parecentesis most important assessment is to obtain the blood pressure, weight the client, measure the client's abdominal girth, and check dressing in that order.

Tracheostomy tube: use pre-cut/pre-made gauze pads.

Suction is always intermittent never continuous.

O universal donor/AB universal recipient.

ABO BLOOD TYPE COMPATIBILITY

Blood TypeCan Receive from:Can donate to:

OOO,A,B,AB

AA,OA,AB

BB,OB,AB

ABO,A,B,ABAB

Autologous Transfusion:

*Collected 4-6 weeks before surgery

*Contraindicated--infection, chronic disease, cerebrovascular or cardiovascular

disease

Hypotonic Solution

*½ NS (0.45% Saline)Isotonic Solution

*0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)

*5% D/W (Dextrose in Water)

*Lactated Ringer's

*5% D/ ¼ NS (5% Dextrose in 0.225% Saline )Hypertonic Solution

*10% D/W (10% Dextrose in water)

*D15W

*5% D/NS (5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline)

*5% D/ ½ NS (5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline)

*3% NaCl

*5% Sodium Bicarbonate

Change tubing Q72 hours

Change bottle Q24 hours

Infiltration

*Assessment: cool skin, swelling, pain, decrease in flow rate

*Implementation: discontinue IV, warm compresses, elevate arm, start new site proximal to infiltrated site

IV Phlebitis, Thrmobophlebitis

*Assessment--redness, warm, tender, swelling, leukocytosis

*Implementation--discontinue IV, warm moist compresses, start IV in opposite extremity

Hematoma

*Assessment--ecchymosis, swelling, leakage of blood

*Implementation--discontinue IV, apply pressure, ice bag 24 hours, restart IV in opposite extremity

IV Clotting

*Assessment--decreased flow rate, back flow of blood into tubing

*Implementation--discontinue, do not irrigate, do not milk, do not increase rate of flow or hang solution higher, do not aspirate cannula, inject Urokinase, D/C and start on other site.

Insertion of Percutaneous Central Catheters:

*Placed supine in head-low position

*Turn head away from procedure

*Perform Valsalva maneuver

*Antibiotic ointment and transparent sterile dressing

*Verify position with x-ray

*Change tubing Q24 hours

*Nurse/patient both wear mask when dressing change 2-3x/week

Adrenergics

Actions:

*Stimulate the sympathetic nervous system: increase in peripheral resistance, increase blood flow to heart, bronchodilation, increase blood flow to skeletal muscle, increase blood flow to uterus

*Stimulate beta-2 receptors in lungs

*Use for cardiac arrest and COPDAdrenergic Medications

*Levophed

*Dopamine

*Adrenalin

*DobutrexAdrenergics Side effects:

*Dysrhythmias

*Tremors

*Anticholinergic effects

Adrenergics Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor BP

*Monitor peripheral pulses

*Check output

Anti-Anxiety

Action:

*Affect neurotransmitters

Used for:

*Anxiety disorders, manic episodes, panic attacksAnti-Anxiety

Medications:

*Librium, Xanax, Ativan, Vistaril, Equanil

Anti-Anxiety

Side effects:

*Sedation

*Confusion

*Hepatic dysfunction

Anti-Anxiety

Nursing Considerations:

*Potention for addiction/overdose

*Avoid alcohol

*Monitor Liver Function AST/ALT

*Don't discontinue abruptly, wean off

*Smoking/caffeine decreases effectiveness

Antacids

Actions:

*Neutralize gastric acids

Used for:

*Peptic ulcer

*Indigestion, reflex esophagitisAntacids Medications

*Amphojel

*Milk of Magnesia

*MaaloxAntacids

Side effects:

*Constipation

*Diarrhea

*Acid rebound

Antacids

Nursing Considerations:

*Interferes with absorption of antibiotics, iron preps, INH, Oral contraceptives

*Monitor bowel function

*Give 1-2 hours after other medications

*1-3 hours after meals and at HS

*Take with fluids

Antiarrhythmics

Action:

*Interfere with electrical excitability of heart

Used for:

*Atrial fibrillation and flutter

*Tachycardia

*PVCsAntiarrhythmics

Medications:

*Atropine sulfate

*Lidocaine

*Pronestyl

*Quinidine

*IsuprelAntiarrhythmics

Side effects:

*Lightheadedness

*Hypotension

*Urinary retention

Antiarrhythmics

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor vital signs

*Monitor cardiac rhythm

Aminoglycosides (Antibiotics)

Action:

*Inhibits protein synthesis in gram-negative bacteria

Used for:

*Pseudomonas, E.ColiAminoglycosides (Antibiotics)

Medications:

*Gentamycin

*Neomycin

*Streptomycin

*TobramycinAminoglycosides (Antibiotics)

Side effects:

*Ototoxicity and Nephrotoxicity

*Anorexia

*Nausea

*Vomiting

*Diarrhea

Aminoglycosides (Antibiotics)

Nursing Considerations:

*Harmful to liver and kidneys

*Check 8th cranial nerve (hearing)

*Check renal function

*Take for 7-10 days

*Encourage fluids

*Check peak/trough level

Allergy: 1st symptom SOB

Cephalosporins (Antibiotics)

Action:

*Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall

Used for:

*Tonsillitis, otitis media, peri-operative prophylaxis

*MeningitisCephalosporins (Antibiotics)

Medications:

*Ceclor

*Ancef

*Keflex

*Rocephin

*CefoxitinCephalosporins (Antibiotics)

Side effects:

*Bone marrow depression: caution with anemic, thrombocytopenic patients

*Superinfections

*Rash

Nursing Considerations:

*Take with food

*Cross allergy with PCN

*Avoid alcohol

*Obtain C&S before first dose: to make sure medication is effective against disease/bacteria

*Can cause false-positive for proteinuria/glycosuria

Fluoroquinolones (Antibiotics)

Action:

*Interferes with DNA replication in gram-negative bacteria

Used for:

*E.Coli, Pseudomonas, S. AureusFluoroquinolones

(Antibiotics)

Medications:

*CiproFluroquinolones

(Antibiotics)

Side effects:

*Diarrhea

*Decreased WBC and Hematocrit

*Elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT)

*Elevated alkaline phosphatase

Nursing Considerations:

*C&S before starting therapy

*Encourage fluids

*Take 1 hour ac or 2 hour pc (food slows absorption)

*Don't give with antacids or iron preparation

*Maybe given with other medications (Probenicid: for gout)

Macrolide (Antibiotics)

Action:

*Binds to cell membrane and changes protein function

Used for:

*Acute infections

*Acne

*URI

*Prophylaxis before dental procedures if allergic to PCNMacrolide (Antibiotics)

Medications:

*Erythromycin

*ClindamycinMacrolide (Antibiotics)

Side effects:

*Diarrhea

*Confusion

*Hepatotoxicity

*Superinfections

Nursing Considerations:

*Take 1hr ac or 2-3 hr pc

*Monitor liver function

*Take with water (no fruit juice)

*May increase effectiveness of: Coumadin and Theophylline (bronchodilator)

Penicillin

Action:

*Inhibits synthesis of cell wall

Used for:

*Moderate to severe infections

*Syphilis

*Gonococcal infections

*Lyme diseasePenicillin

Medications:

*Amoxicillin

*Ampicillin

*AugmentinPenicillin

Side effects:

*Stomatitis

*Diarrhea

*Allergic reactions

*Renal and Hepatic changes

Nursing Considerations:

*Check for hypersensitivity

*Give 1-2 hr ac or 2-3 hr pc

*Cross allergy with cephalosporins

Sulfonamides (Antibiotics)

Action:

*Antagonize essential component of folic acid synthesis

Used for:

*Ulcerative colitis

*Crohn's disease

*Otitis media

*UTIsSulfonamides (Antibiotics)

Medications:

*Gantrisin

*Bactrim

*Septra

*AzulfidineSulfonamides (Antibiotics)

Side effects:

*Peripheral Neuropathy

*Crystalluria

*Photosensitivity

*GI upset

*Stomatitis

Nursing Considerations:

*Take with meals or foods

*Encourage fluids

*Good mouth care

*Antacids will interfere with absorption

Tetracyclines

(Antibiotics)

Action:

*Inhibits protein sythesis

Used for:

*Infections

*Acne

*Prophylaxis for opthalmia neonatorumTEtracyclines

(Antibiotics)

Medications:

*Vibramycin

*PanmycinTetracyclines (Antibiotics)

Side effects:

*Discoloration of primary teeth if taken during pregnancy or if child takes at young age

*Glossitis

*Rash

*Phototoxic reactions

Nursing considerations:

*Take 1 hr ac or 2-3 hr pc

*Do not take with antacids, milk, iron

*Note expiration date

*Monitor renal function

*Avoid sunlight

UTIs

*Medication:

oFuradantin

*Action:

oAnti-infective

*Side effects:

oAsthma attacks

oDiarrhea

*Nursing Considerations:

oGive with food or milk

oMonitor pulmonary status

UTIs

*Medication

oMandelamine

*Action:

oAnti-infective

*Side effects:

oElevated liver enzymes

*Nursing Considerations:

oGive with cranberry juice to acidify urine

oLimit alkaline foods: vegetables, milk, almonds, coconut

UTIs

*Medication

oPyridium

*Side effects:

oHeadache

oVertigo

*Action

oUrinary tract analgesic

*Nursing Consideration

oTell patient urine will be orange

Anticholinergics

Action:

*Inhibits action of acethylcholine and blocks parasympathetic nerves (affects heart, eyes, respiratory tract, GI tract and the bladder)

*Dilates pupil, causes bronchodilation and decreased secretions

*Decrease GI motility secretions

Used for:

*Opthalmic exam

*Motion sickness

*Pre-operativeAnticholinergic Medications:

*Pro-Banthine

*Atropine

*ScopolamineAnticholinergic

Side Effects:

*Blurred vision

*Dry mouth

*Urinary retention

*Chage in heart rate

Nursing Consideration:

*Monitor output

*Contraindicated with glaucoma

*Give 30 min ac, hs, or 2hr pc

*Contraindicated: paralytic ileus, BPH

Anticoagulants

Action:

*Blocks conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Used for:

*Pulmonary embolism

*Venous thrombosis

*Prophylaxis after acute MIAnticoagulants

Medications:

*HeparinAnticoagulants (Heparin)

Side Effects:

*Hematuria

*Tissue irritation

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor clotting time or Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

*Normal 20-45 sec

*Therapeutic level 1.5-2.5 times control

*Antagonist--Protamine Sulfate

*Give SC or IV

Anticoagulant

Action:

*Interferes with synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors

Used for:

*Pulmonary embolism

*Venous thrombosis

*Prophylaxis after acute MIAnticoagulant

Medication:

*CoumadinAnticoagulant (Coumadin)

Side Effects:

*Hemorrhage, Alopecia

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor Prothrombin Test (PT)

*Normal 9-12 sec

*Therapeutic level 1.5 times control

*Antagonist--Vitamin K (AquaMEPHYTON)

*Monitor for bleeding

*Give PO

Anticonvulsants

Action:

*Decreases flow of calcium and sodium across neuronal membranes

Used for:

*SeizuresAnticonvulsant

Medications:

*Dilantin

*Luminal

*Depakote

*Tegretol

*KlonopinAnticonvulsant

Side effects:

*Respiratory depression

*Aplastic anemia

*Gingival hypertrophy

*Ataxia

Nursing Considerations:

*Don't discontinue abruptly

*Monitor I&O

*Caution with use of medications that lower seizure threshold: MAO inhibitors & anti-psychotics

*Good mouth care

*Take with food

*May turn urine pinkish-red/pinkish-brown

Anti-Depressants Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO)

Action:

*Causes increases concentration of neurotransmitters

Used for:

*Depression

*Chronic painAnti-Depressants

(Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)

Medications:

*Marplan

*Nardil

*ParnateAnti-Depressants

(Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)

Side effects:

*Hypertensive Crisis (Sudden headache, diaphoretic, palpitations, stiff neck, intracranial hemorrhage) with food that contain Tyramine

Nursing Considerations:

*Avoid foods containing Tyramine: Aged cheese, liver, yogurt, herring, beer and wine, sour cream, bologna, pepperoni, salami, bananas, raisins, and pickled products

*Monitor output

*Takes 4 weeks to work

*Don't combine with sympathomometics vasoconstrictors, and cold medications

Anti-Depressants

Selective Serontonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

Action:

*Inhibits CNS uptake of serotonin

Used for:

*Depression

*Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

*BulimiaAnti-Depressants

Selective Serontonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

Medications:

*Paxil

*Prozac

*ZoloftAnti-Depressants

Selective Serontonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

Side effects:

*Anxiety

*GI upset

*Change in appetite and bowel function

*Urinary retention

Nursing Considerations:

*Suicide precautions

*Takes 4 weeks for full effect

*Take in a.m.

*May urine to pinkish-red or Pinkish-brown

*Can be taken with meals

Anti-Depressants (Tricyclics)

Action:

*Inhibits reuptake of neurotransmitters

Used for:

*Depression

*Sleep apneaAnti-Depressants (Tricyclics)

Medications:

*Norpramin

*Elavil

*TofranilAnti-Depressants (Tricyclics)

Side Effects:

*Sedation/Confusion

*Anticholinergics affects

*Postural Hypotension

*Urinary retention

Nursing Considerations:

*Suicide precautions/2-6 weeks to work

*Take at hs/Don't abruptly halt

*Avoid alcohol/OTC /Photosensitivity

Insulin

(Regular, Humulin R)

Type: Fast acting

Onset: ½ -1 hr

Peak: 2-4 hr

Duration: 6-8 hrInsulin

(NPH, Humulin N)

Type: Intermediate acting

Onset: 2hr

Peak: 6-12hr

Duration 18-26hrInsulin

(Ultralente, Humulin U)

Type: Slow acting

Onset: 4hr

Peak: 8-20hr

Duration: 24-36hrInsulin

(Humulin 70/30)

Type: Combination

Onset: ½ hr

Peak: 2-12hr

Duration: 24hr

Antidiabetic Agents

Action:

*Stimulates insulin release from beta cells in pancreas

Used for:

*Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)Antidiabetic Agents

Medications:

*Diabinese

*Orinase

*Dymelor

*MicronaseAntidiabetic Agents

Side Effects:

*Hypoglycemia

*Allergic skin reactions

*GI upset

Nursing Considerations:

*Take before breakfast

*Monitor glucose levels

*Avoid alcohol, sulfonamides, Oral Contraceptives, (MAO), aspirin because they help to make drug work better

Hypoglycemic Agent

Action:

*Stimulates liver to change glycogen to glucose

Used for:

*HypoglycemiaHypoglycemic Agent

Medication:

*GlucagonHypoglycemic Agent

Side Effects:

*Hypotension

*Bronchospasm

Nursing Considerations:

*May repeat in 15min

*Give carbohydrates orally to prevent secondary hypoglycemic reactions

Antidiarrheals

Action:

*Slows peristalsis

*Increases tone of sphincters

Used for:

*DiarrheaAntidiarrheals

Medications:

*Kaopectate

*Lomotil

*Imodium

*ParegoricAntidiarrheals

Side Effects:

*Constipation

*Anticholinergic effects (urinary retention, dry mouth)

Nursing Considerations:

*Do not use with abdominal pain

*Monitor for urinary retention

*Give 2hr before or 3 hr after other meds

Antiemetics

Action:

*Increases GI motility

*Blocks effect of dopamine in chemoreceptor trigger zone

Used for:

*VomitingAntiemetics

Medications:

*Tigan

*Compazine

*Torecan

*Reglan

*Antivert

*DramamineAntiemetics

Side Effects:

*Sedation

*Anticholinergic effects

Nursing Considerations:

*Used before chemotherapy

*When used with viral infections may cause Reye's syndrome (Toxic Encephalopathy)

Antifungals

Action:

*Impairs cell membrane

Used for:

*Candidiasis

*Oral thrush

*HistoplasmosisAntifungals

Medications:

*Amphotericin B

*NystatinAntifungals

Side Effects:

*Hepatotoxicity

*Thrombocytopenia

*Leukopenia

*Pruritis

Nursing Considerations:

*Give with food

*Monitor liver function

*Good oral hygiene

Antigout Agents

Action:

*Decreases production and resorption of uric acid

Used for:

*GoutAntigout Agents

Medications:

*Colchicine

*Probenecid

*ZyloprimAntigout Agents

Side Effects:

*Agranulocytosis

*GI upset

*Renal calculi

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor for renal calculi

*Give with food, milk, antacids

Antihistamines

Action:

*Block effects of histamine

Used for:

*Allergic rhinitis

*Allergic reactions to bloodAntihistamines

Medications:

*Chlor-Trimeton

*Benadryl

*PhenerganAntihistamines

Side Effects:

*Drowsiness

*Dry mouth

*Photosensitivity

Nursing Considerations:

*Give with food

*Use sunscreen

*Avoid alcohol

Antihyperlipidemic Agents

Action:

*Inhibits cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis

Used For:

*Elevated cholesterol

*Reduce incidence of cardiovascular diseaseAntihyperlipidemic Agents

Medications:

*Questran

*LipidAntihyperlipidemic Agents

Side Effects:

*Constipation

*Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency

Nursing Considerations:

*Take at hs or 30 min ac

*Administer 1hr before or 4-6 hr after other meds

Antihypertensives

Types: ACE Inhibitors

Action:

*Blocks ACE in lungs

Used for:

*Hypertension

*CHFAntihypertensives

(ACE Inhibitors)

Medications:

*Capoten

*VasotecAntihypertensives

(ACE Inhibitors)

Side Effects:

*GI upset

*Orthostatic hypotension

*Dizziness

Nursing Considerations:

*Give 1hr ac or 3hr pc

*Change position slowly

Antihypertensives

Type: Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

Action:

*Blocks Beta-Adrenergic Receptors

*Decrease excitability/workload of heart, oxygen consumption

*Decrease

Used for:

*Hypertension

*Angina

*SVTAntihypertensives

Type: Beta-Adrenergic

Medications;

*Nadolol

*Propranolol

*Tenormin

*TimopticAntihypertensives

Type: Beta-Adrenergic

Side Effects:

*Changes in heart rate

*Hypotension

*Bronchospasm

Nursing Considerations:

*Masks signs of shock and hypoglycemia

*Take with meals

*Do not discontinue abruptly

Antihypertensives

Type: Calcium Channel Blockers

Action:

*Inhibits movement of calcium across cell membranes

*Slow impulse conduction and depresses myocardial contractility

*Causes dilation of coronary arteries and decreases cardiac workload and energy consumption

Used for:

*Angina

*Hypertension

*Interstitial cystitisAntihypertensives

Type: Calcium Channel Blockers

Medications:

*Procardia

*Calan

*CardizemAntihypertensives

Type: Calcium Channel Blockers

Side Effects:

*Hypotension

*Dizziness

*GI distress

Nursing Consideration:

*Monitor vital signs

*Do not chew or divide sustained-release tablets

Antihypertensives

Type: Centrally acting alpha-adrenergics

Action:

*Stimulates alpha receptors in medulla which causes a reduction in sympathetic in the heart

Used for:

*HypertensionAntihypertensives

Type: Centrally acting alpha-adrenergics

Medications:

*Aldomet

*CatapresAntihypertensives

Type: Centrally acting alpha-adrenergics

Side Effects:

*Sedation

*Orthostatic Hypotension

Nursing Considerations:

*Don't discontinue abruptly

*Monitor for fluid retention

*Change position slowly

Antihypertensives

Type: Direct-acting vasodilators

Action:

*Relaxes smooth muscle

Used for:

*HypertensionAntihypertensives

Medications

*Hydralazine

*MinoxidilAntihypertensives

Side Effects:

*Tachycardia

*Increase in body hair

Nursing Considerations:

*Teach patient to check pulse

Antihypertensives

Type: Peripheral-acting alpha-adrenergic blockers

Action:

*Depletes stores of norepinephrine in sympathetic nerve endings

Used for:

*HypertensionAntihypertensives

Medications:

*ReserpineAntihypertensives

Side Effects:

*Depression

*Orthostatic Hypotension

*Brachycardia

Nursing Considerations:

*Give with meals or milk

*Change position slowly

Bipolar Disorder

Action:

*Reduces catecholamine release

Used for:

*Manic episodesBipolar Disorder Medications:

*Lithium (1-1.5meq/L)

*Tegretol

*DepakoteBipolar Disorder

Side Effects:

*GI upset

*Tremors

*Polydipsia

*Polyuria

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor serum levels

*Give with meals

*Increase fluid intake

Antineoplastic Agents

Type: Alkylating Agents

Action:

*Interferes with rapidly reproducing DNA

Used for:

*Leukemia

*Multiple myelomaAntineoplastic Agents

Medications:

*Cisplatin

*Myleran

*CytoxanAntineoplastic Agents

Side Effects:

*Hepatotoxicity

*Ecchymosis

*Alopecia

*Epitaxis

*Infertility

*Bone Marrow Suppression

*Stomatitis

*GI disturbances: Anorexic, N/V, diarrhea

Nursing Considerations:

*Check hematopoietic (reproduction of RBC's by bone marrow) function

*Force fluids

*Good mouth care

Antineoplastic Agents

Type: Antimetabolites

Action:

*Inhibits DNA polymerase

Used for:

*Acute lymphatic leukemia

*Cancer of colon, breast, pancreasAntineoplastic Agents

Antimetabolites Medications:

*5-FU

*Methotrexate

*HydreaAntineoplastic Agents

Antimetabolites

Side Effects:

*Nausea

*Vomiting

*Oral ulceration

*Bone marrow suppression

*Alopecia

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor hematopoietic function

*Good mouth care

*Discuss body image changes

Antineoplastic Agents

Type: Antitumor Antibiotics

Action:

*Interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis

Used for:

*CancerAntineoplastic Agents

Antitumor Antibiotics

Medications:

*Adriamycin

*Actinomycin D

*BleomycinAntineoplastic Agents

Antitumor Antibiotics

Side Effects:

*Bone marrow suppression

*Alopecia

*Stomatitis

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor vital signs

*Give antiemetic medications before therapy

Antineoplastic Agents

Type: Hormonal Agents

Action:

*Changes hormone input into sensitive cells

Used for:

*CancerAntineoplastic Agents

Type: Hormonal Agents

Medications:

*Diethylstilbestrol

*Tamoxifen

*TestosteroneAntineoplastic Agents

Type: Hormonal Agents

Side Effects:

*Leukpenia

*Bone pain

*Hypercalcemia

Nursing Considerations:

*Check CBC

*Monitor serum calcium

Antineoplastic Agents

Type: Vinca Alkaloids

Action:

*Interferes with cell division

Used for:

*CancerAntineoplastic Agents

Type: Vinca Alkaloids

Medications:

*Oncovin

*VelbanAntineoplastic Agents

Type: Vinca Alkaloids

Side Effects:

*Stomatitis

*Alopecia

*Loss of reflexes

*Bone marrow suppression

Nursing Considerations:

*Give antiemetic before administration

*Check reflexes

*Given with Zyloprim to decrease uric acid

Antiparkinson Agents

Action:

*Converted to Dopamine

*Stimulates postsynaptic Dopamine receptors

Used for:

*Parkinson's diseaseAntiparkinson Agents

Medications:

*Artane

*Cogentin

*L-Dopa

*Parlodel

*Sinemet

*SymmetrelAntiparkinson Agents

Side Effects:

*Dizziness

*Ataxia

*Atropine-like effects: dry mouth, urinary retention

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor for urinary retention

*Large doses of vitamin B6 reverse effects

*Avoid use of CNS depressants

Antiplatelet Agents

Action:

*Interferes with platelet aggregation

Used for:

*Venous thrombosis

*Pulmonary embolismAntiplatelet Agents

Medications:

*Aspirin

*PersantineAntiplatelet Agents

Side Effects:

*Hemorrhage

*Thrombocytopenia

Nursing Considerations:

*Check for signs of bleeding

*Give with food or milk

Antipsychotic Agents

Action:

*Blocks dopamine receptors in basal ganglia

Used for:

*Acute and Chronic psychosesAntipsychotic Agents

Medications:

*Haldol

*Thorazine

*Mellaril

*StelazineAntipsychotic Agents

Side Effects:

*Akathisia (inability to sit still)

*Dyskinesia

*Dystonias

*Parkinson's syndrome

*Tardive dyskinesias

*Leukopenia

Nursing Considerations:

*Check CBC

*Monitor vital signs

*Avoid alcohol and caffeine

Atypical Antipsychotic Agents

Action:

*Interferes with binding of dopamine in the brain

Used for:

*Acute and Chronic psychosesAtypical Antipsychotic

Medications:

*Clozaril

*RisperdalAtypical Antipsychotic

Side Effects:

*Extrapyramidal effects

*Anticholinergic

*Sedative

*Orthostatic hypotension

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor blood

*Change positions slowly

*Use sunscreen

Antipyretic Agents

Action:

*Antiprostaglandin activity in hypothalamus

Used for:

*FeverAntipyretic Agents

Medications:

*Tylenol (Acetaminophen)Antipyretic Agents

Side Effects:

*GI irritation

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor liver function

*Aspirin contraindicated for younger than 21 years old due to risk of Reye's syndrome

Antithyroid Agents

Action:

*Reduce vascularity of thyroid

*Inhibits release of thyroid into circulation

Used for:

*HyperthyroidismAntithyroid Agents

Medications:

*Tapazole

*SSKIAntithyroid Agents

Side Effects:

*Leukopenia

*Rash

*Thrombocytopenia

Nursing Considerations:

*Bitter taste

*May cause burning in mouth

*Give with meals

*Check CBC

Thyroid Replacement Agents

Action:

*Increases metabolic rate

Used for:

*HypothyroidismThyroid Replacement

Medications

*Synthroid

*CytomelThyroid Replacement

Side Effects:

*Nervousness

*Tachycardia

*Weight loss

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor pulse and BP

*Monitor weight

*Take in a.m.

*Enhance action of anticoagulants, antidepressants, decrease action of insulin and digitalis

Antitubercular Agents

Action:

*Inhibits cell and protein synthesis

Used for:

*Tuberculosis

*To prevent disease in person exposed to organism

Antitubercular Agents

Medications:

*INH

*Ethambutol

*Streptomycin

*PAS

*PYZAntitubercular Agents

Side Effects:

*Hepatitis

*Peripheral Neuritis

Nursing Considerations:

*Check liver function tests

*Vitamin B6 given for peripheral neuritis (Pyridoxine)

*Used in combination

Antivirals

Action:

*Inhibits DNA and RNA replication

Used for:

*Recurrent HSV

*HIV infectionAntivirals

Medications:

*Zovirax

*AZT

*Videx

*Famvir

*CytoveneAntivirals

Side Effects:

*Headache

*Dizziness

*GI symptoms

Nursing Considerations:

*Encourage fluids

*Not a cure, but relieves symptoms

Attention Disorder Agents

Action:

*Increases level of catecholamines

Used for:

*ADDH

*NarcolepsyAttention Disorder Agents

Medications:

*Ritalin

*Cylert

*DexedrineAttention Disorder Agents

Side Effects:

*Restlessness

*Insomnia

*Tachycardia

*Palpitations

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor growth rate

*Monitor liver enzymes

*Give in A.M.

Bronchodilators

Action:

*Decreases activity of phosphodiesterase

Used for:

*COPD

*Preterm labor (Terbutaline)Bronchodilators

Medications:

*Aminophylline

*Atrovent

*Brethine

*Proventil

*PrimateneBronchodilators

Side Effects:

*Tachcyardia

*Dysrhythmias

*Palpitations

*Anticholinergic effects

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor BP and HR

*When used with steroid inhaler, use bronchodilator first

*May aggravate diabetes

Cardiac Glycosides

Action:

*Increases force of myocardial contraction, slows rate

Used for:

*Left-sided CHFCardiac Glycosides

Medication:

*Lanoxin

(Digoxin)Cardiac Glycosides

Side Effects:

*Bradycardia

*Nausea

*Vomiting

*Visual disturbances

Nursing Considerations:

*Take apical pulse

*Notify physician if adult

*Monitor potassium level

*Dose: 0.5-1 milligram IV or PO over 24 hr period

*Average: 0.25 mg

Cholinergics

Action:

*Inhibits destruction of acetylcholine

*Stimulate parasympathetic nervous system (increase bowel tone, increase bladder tone, constrict pupil)

Used for:

*Myasthenia gravis

*Post-operative

*Postpartum urinary retentionCholinergics

Medications:

*Tensilon

*ProstigminCholinergics

Side Effects:

*Bronchoconstriction

*Respiratory paralysis

*Hypotension

Nursing Considerations:

*Give with food or milk

*Monitor vital signs, especially respirations

*Antidote: Atropine Sulfate

*Toxicity: excessive salivation, excessive sweating, abdominal cramps, flushing

Diuretics

Action:

*Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water

*Blocks effects of aldosterone

Used for:

*CHF

*Renal diseaseDiuretics

Medications:

*HydroDIURIL

*Diamox

*Aldactone

*Lasix

*HygrotonDiuretics

Side Effects:

*Dizziness

*Orthostatic Hypotension

*Leukopenia

Nursing Considerations:

*Take with food or milk

*Take in a.m.

*Monitor fluid and electrolytes

Iron: Imferon/Feosol, use straw if liquid form, no milk/antacids, take on empty stomach, tachycardi

Glucocorticoids

Action:

*Stimulates formation of glucose

*Alters immune response

Used for:

*Addison's disease

*Crohn's disease

*COPD

*LeukemiasGlucocorticoids

Medications:

*Solu-Cortef

*Decadron

*DeltasoneGlucocorticoids

Side Effects:

*Psychoses

*Depression

*Hypokalemia

*Stunted growth

*Buffalo Hump

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance

*Don't discontinue abruptly

*Monitor for signs of infection

Mineralocorticoids

Action:

*Increases sodium reabsorption

*Potassium and hydrogen ion secretion in kidney

Used for:

*Adrenal insufficiencyMineralocorticoids

Medications:

*FlorinefMineralocorticoids

Side Effects:

*Hypertension

*Edema

*Hypokalemia

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor BP, I&O, Weight, and Electrolytes

*Give with food

*Low-sodium, High-protein, High-potassium diet

Heavy Metal Antagonists

Action:

*Forms stable complexes with metals

Used for:

*Gold and orificenic poisoning

*Acute lead encephalopathyHeavy Metal Antagonists

Medications:

*Desferal mesylate

*BAL in Oil

*EDTAHeavy Metal Antagonists

Side Effects:

*Tachycardia

*Pain and induration at injection site (conjunct with Procaine in syringe)

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor I&O and kidney function

*Administered with local anesthetic

*Seizure precautions

H2 Receptor Blockers

Action:

*Inhibits action of histamine and gastric acid secretion

Used for:

*Ulcers

*Gastroesophageal refluxH2 Receptor Blockers

Medications:

*Tagamet

*ZantacH2 Receptor Blockers

Side Effects:

*Dizziness

*Confusion

*Hypotension

*Impotence

Nursing Considerations:

*Take with meals and hs

*Smoking decreases effectiveness

*Monitor liver function and CBC

Immunosuppressants

Action:

*Prevents production of T cells and their response to interleukin-2

Used for:

*Prevents rejection for transplanted organsImmunosuppressants

Medications:

*SandimmuneImmunosuppressants

Side Effects:

*Hepatotoxicity

*Nephrotoxicity

*LeuKopenia

*Thrombocytopenia

Nursing Considerations:

*Take once daily in a.m.

*Used with adrenal corticosteroids

*Monitor renal and liver function tests

Miotics (Constricts Pupil)

Action:

*Causes constriction of sphincter muscles of iris

Used for:

*Ocular surgery

*Open-angle glaucomaMiotics

Medications:

*Isopto-Carpine

*Eserine

*CarbacelMiotics

Side Effects:

*Headache

*Photophobia

*Hypotension

*Bronchoconstriction

Nursing Considerations:

*Apply pressure on lacrimal sac for 1min

*Avoid sunlight

*May experience transient brow pain and myopia

Mydriatics (Dilates Pupil)

Action:

*Anticholinergic actions leaves pupil under unopposed adrenergic influence

Used for:

*Diagnostic procedures

*Acute iritis

*UveitisMydriatics

Medications:

*Atropine sulfate

*CyclogylMydriatics

Side Effects:

*Tachycardia

*Blurred vision

*Photophobia

*Dry mouth

Nursing Considerations:

*Contraindicated with glaucoma

*Apply pressure on lacrimal sac for 1min.

*Wear dark glasses

Narcotics

Action:

*Acts on CNS receptor cells

Used for:

*Moderate to severe pain

*Preoperative

*PostoperativeNarcotics

Medications:

*Morphine Sulfate

*Codeine

*Demerol

*Dilaudid

*PercodanNarcotics

Side Effects:

*Dizziness

*Sedation

*Respiratory depression

*Hypotension

*Constipation

Nursing Considerations:

*Safety precautions

*Avoid alcohol

*Monitor vital signs

*Use narcotic antagonist if necessary (Narcan)

Antianginals

Action:

*Relaxes smooth muscle

*Decreases venous return

Used for:

*Angina

*Peri-operative hypertension

*CHFAntianginals

Medications:

*Nitroglycerine

*IsosorbideAntianginals

Side Effects:

*Hypotension

*Tachycardia

*Headache

*Dizziness

Nursing Considerations:

*Check expiration date

*Teach when to take medication

*May take Q5min x3 doses

*Wet with saliva and place under tongue

NSAIDS

Action:

*Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Used for:

*Arthritis

*Mild to moderate pain

*FeverNSAIDS

Medications:

*Motrin

*Indocin

*NaprosynNSAIDS

Side Effects:

*GI upset

*Dizziness

*Headache

*Bleeding

*Fluid retention

Nursing Considerations:

*Take with food or after meals

*Monitor liver and renal function

*Use cautiously with aspirin allergy

*Check for bleeding

Thrombolytics

Action:

*Dissolves or lyses blood clots

Used for:

*Acute Pulmonary Emboli

*Thrombosis

*MI

*Contraindicated in: hemophilia, CVA, Trauma, not used in patients over 75 years old, not used in patients taking anticoagulantsThrombolytics

Medications:

*Streptokinase

*Urokinase

*Tissue Plasminogen ActivatorThrombolytics

Side Effects:

*Bleeding

*Bradycardia

*Dysrhythmias

Nursing Considerations:

*Monitor for bleeding

*Have Amino Caproic Acid Available

*Check pulse, color, sensation of extremities

*Monitor EKG

Anaphylaxis

*Symptoms

oHives

oRash

oDifficulty breathing (first sign)

oDiaphoresis

*Nursing care

oEpinephrine 0.3 ml of 1:1000 solution SQ

oMassage site

oMay repeat in 15-20 min.

Delayed Allergic Reaction

*Symptoms:

oRash, Hives, Swollen Joints

*Nursing Care

oDiscontinue medication

oTopical Antihistamines

oCorticosteroids

oComfort measures

Bone Marrow Depression

Symptoms:

Fever, Chills, Sore Throat

Back pain, Dark urine

Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Leukopenia

Nursing Care:

Monitor CBC

Protect from infections

Avoid injury

Liver impairment: light stools and dark urine

Renal Impairment: decrease Hematocrit

Anticholinergic Effects

*Symptoms:

oDry mouth, Dysphagia, Nasal Congestion

oUrinary retention, Impotence

*Nursing Care:

oSugarless lozenges

oGood mouth care

oVoid before taking medication

Parkinson's-like effects

*Symptoms:

oAkinesia (temporarily paralysis of muscles)

oTremors

oDrooling

oChanges in gait

oRigidity

oAkathisia (Extreme restlessness)

oDyskinesia (Spasms)

*Nursing Care:

oAnticholinergic and Antiparkinsonian medications

oSafety measures for gait

How long should a client with tuberculosis be on medication?

6-9 Months

What are symptoms of hepatitis?

Inflammation of Liver

Jaundice

Anorexia

RUQ pain

Clay-colored stools, tea-colored urine

Pruritis (bile salts eliminated through skin)

Elevated ALT, AST

Prolonged PT (liver involvement with clotting factor)

What is the transmission of Hepatitis A?Fecal/Oral

Consume contaminated food or water

Travelers to developing countries at risk

Clients with hepatitis A should not prepare food for others

What is the transmission of Hepatitis B?Parenteral/Sexual contact

Blood or body fluids

At risk individuals are the one's that abuse IV drugs, dialysis, healthcare workers

Vaccine developed

What is the transmission of Hepatitis C?Blood or body fluids

Can become chronic disease

Seen in patients with hemophilia (unable to clot)

What is the transmission of Delta Hepatitis?Co-infects with hepatitis B

What nursing care are recommended for Hepatitis?Rest (mainly for liver)

Contact and standard precautions

Low-fat, High-Calorie, and High Protein diet (needed for organ healing)

No alcoholic beverages

Medications (Vitamin K, Aqua-Mephyton for bleeding problems, Anti-emetic - no compazine, use Tigan or (Dramamine). Corticosteroids to decrease inflammatory response, and anti-histamines, will use lotions or baths than systemic ones.

What is Lyme's Disease?Multi-system infection caused by a tick bite. There are three stages.

What is Stage 1 of Lyme's Disease?Erythematous papule develops into lesion with clear center (Bull's-eye)

Regional lymphadenopathy

Flu-like symptoms (fever, headache, conjunctivitis)

Can develop over 1 to several months

What is Stage 2 of Lyme's Disease?Develop after 1 to 6 months if disease untreated.

Cardiac conduction defects

Neurologic disorders (Bell's palsy, temporary paralysis)

What is Stage 3 of Lyme's Disease?Develops after 1 to several months, if reached at this stage may persist for several years.

Arthralgias

Enlarged, inflamed joints

What are some Lyme's Disease teaching?Cover exposed areas when in wooded areas

Check exposed areas for presence of ticks

What are some Lyme's Disease nursing care?Antibiotics 3-4 weeks

Stage 1 use Doxicillin

IV penicillin with later stages

What are the treatment, mode of transmission, care, signs and symptoms of syphillis?Painless chancre fades after 6 weeks

Low grade fever

Copper-colored rash on palms and soles of feet

Spread by contact of mucous membranes, congent

Treat with Penicillin G IM

If patient has penicillin allergy, will use erythromycin for 10-15 days.

After treatment, patient must be retested to make sure disease is gone.

What are the treatment, mode of transmission, care, signs and symptoms of gonorrhea?

If female maybe asymptomatic and will be unaware of having disease.

Males may have thick discharge from urethra.

Some females from lady parts.

Spread mucous membranes, congenital

IM Rocephin with Doxycycline PO, IM Aqueous Penicillin with PO Probenecid (used for gout, used with Penicillin because it delays the urinary excretion of it, makes it more effective)

Complication: Pelvis Inflammatory Disease

Most often affected with Chlamydia also, then treatment with PO Tetracycline

What are the treatment, mode of transmission, care, signs and symptoms of genital herpes?No cure.

Painful vesicular genital lesions

Problem is exacerbations/remissions

Reoccurs with stress, infection, menses

Spread by contact of mucous membranes, congenital

Treatment: Acyclovir, sitz bath

Monitor pap smears regularly because of higher incidence of cervical cancer.

Emotional support of client/significant others important because of no cure.

Pregnant women with active disease will have C-section.

What are the treatment, mode of transmission, care, signs and symptoms of Chlamydia?Men: urethritis, dysuria

Women: thick lady partsl discharge with acrid odor

Spread by mucous membranes, congenital

Treatment with Tetracycline or Doxycycline PO

Will cause sterility if left untreated.

Important to notify sexually contacted.

What are the treatment, mode of transmission, care, signs and symptoms of Venereal Warts?Single, small papillary lesion spreads into large cauliflower cluster on perineum, lady parts, member.

May itch or burn.

Spread by mucous membranes, congenital

Treatment: Curettage, cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, kerotolytic agents

Avoid intimate contact until lesions heal

Complication: Genital Dysplasia Cancer

What is the difference between AIDS and HIV +?HIV Positive--presence of HIV in blood

AIDS--has significant defects in immune function associated with positive HIV evidenced by development of opportunistic infections

Syndrome where CD4 counts are below 200

What are some opportunistic infections of AIDS?P. Carinii Pneumonia: sob/dry-nonproductive cough

C. Albicans stomatitis: will have difficulty swalling and white exudates in back of throat

C. Neoformans: debilitating form of meningitis that may suffer seizures.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV): will experience lymphadenopathy and may have visual impairment and can affect any organ.

Kaposi's Sarcoma: most common malignancy experience with AIDS, small purplish brown, nonpainful, nonpuriitc palpable lesions on the body.

How is AIDS transmitted?Contaminated blood or body fluids

Sharing IV needles

Sexual contact

Transplacental: across placenta

Possibly by breast milk

What are diagnostics test associated with AIDS?ELISA test, if positive will be confirmed by Western Blot test

HIV Viral culture: Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia, Decrease CD4 counts

What are some nursing cares for AIDS?Prevention: avoid IV drug use, precautions regarding sexual patterns, use standard precautions

Contact and standard precautions

High-protein and high-calorie diet, small frequent meals rather than 3 large meals

Symptomatic relief

Support

Don't share toothbrush/shavers

What are treatments, care, prevention of poison control?Prevention most important.

Treat patient first, and then the poison.

Recognize signs of symptoms of accidental poison: changes in appearance, behavior, substances around mouth, empty containers, vomitous.

What should happen when someone is poisoned?Call poison control center.

Tell them: substance, time, amount and route of ingestion, child's condition, age, weight, save vomitus, stool, urine.

Why should vomit not be induced?Don't induce if:

Danger of aspiration, decrease LOC, Ingested petroleum distillate (lighter fluid, kerosene, paint remover)

Ingested corrosive (Draino)

What medication treatment is used to induce vomiting and what other factors need to be implemented?Syrup of Ipecac with small amount of water. Don't give large amount of fluid after Ipecac, will increase gastric emptying.

Don't use milk.

Position with head lower then chest.

No universal antidote.

What should happen to poison control in emergency care?Intubated if comatose

Run blood gases

IV fluids

Cardiac Monitor

Gastric Lavage (NG down to flush with NS to remove rest in stomach)

Activated Charcoal

May use cathartics, diuretics

What are signs and symptoms, treatments, care, prevention of aspirin poisoning?Tinnitus, change in mental status, Increased temperature, hyperventilation, bleeding, nausea and vomiting.

Nursing care: induce vomiting, maintain hydration, reduce temperature (sponge baths), monitor for bleeding.

What are signs and symptoms, treatments, care, prevention of tylenol poisoning?Symptoms: nausea/vomiting, hypothermia, If no treatment, hepatic/liver involvement.

If liver gets involved patient may have RUQ pain, jaundice, confusion, and coagulation abnormalities.

Nursing care: induce vomiting, maintain hydration, monitor liver and kidney function with labs such as AST/ALT enzymes.

Tylenol (Acetaminophen) overdosage:

Antidote N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)

What are signs and symptoms, treatments, care, prevention of lead toxicity?Symptoms: Irritability, decreased activity, abdominal pain, Increased ICP

Diagnostic tests: Blood lead levels (>9micrograms = toxic), Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), X-ray long bones (lead deposits in long bones)

Children engage in PICA (ingesting nonfood substances)

Lead blocks formation of hemogloblin and toxic to kidneys.

Nursing care: identify source, chelating agents, teaching parents

What are nursing care goals for Hazardous wastes?Decontaminate individual

Prevent spread of contamination

Clean and remove contaminuated source

Monitor personnel exposed

What are nursing care for Hazardous wastes?If chemical poses threat to caregiver, decontaminate patient first.

If chemical poses no threat or patient has been decontaminated, begin care.

If immediate threat to life, put on protective garments and provide care to stabilize patient.

What type of play do infants (0-12months) use?Solitary play. Game is one sided. Like to play with body parts.

Birth-3months: smile/squeal

3-6months: rattles/soft stuff toys

6-12 months: begin imitation, peek-a-boo, patty-cake

What type of play do toddlers (1-3years) use?Parallel play.

What type of play do pre-schoolers (3-6years) use?Associative play. Dress up/imitating play. Talking on telephone/kitchen/tool belt

What type of play do school age (6-12years) use?Cooperative play. Conformed/organized play.

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the Infancy stage.Birth-18 months.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Positive outcome---trusts self

Negative outcome---withdrawn

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the Toddler stage.18months - 3 years

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Positive outcome---exercise self-control

Negative outcome---defiant and negative

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the Preschool stage.3-6 years

Initiative vs. Guilt

Children develop conscience at this age.

Positive Outcome---learns limits

Negative Outcome---fearful, pessimistic

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the School age stage.6-12years

Industry vs. Inferiority

Positive---sense of confidence

Negative---self doubt, inadequate

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the Adolescence stage.12-20 years

Identity vs. Role diffusion

Positive outcome---coherent sense of self

Negative outcome---lack of identity

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the young adult stage.20-45 years

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Positive outcome---intimate relationships/careers formed

Negative outcome---avoidance of intimacy

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the middle adulthood stage.45-65 years

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Positive Outcome---creative and productive

Negative Outcome---self centered

According to Erikson's Developmental Task, explain the Late adulthood stage.65+ years

Integrity vs. Despair

No regrets in life or Regrets

Positive outcome---seems life as meaningful

Negative outcome---life lacks meaning

At what month does the head sag?1 month

At what month do you see closing of posterior fontanelle, turn from side to back, and see a social smile?2 months

What toys do you give for a 2 month old?Mobiles, wind up infant swings, soft clothes, and blankets.

At what month does a child bring objects to mouth and head erect?3 months

What toys do you give for a 4 month old?Rattles, cradle gym, and stuffed animals

Which age does birth weight double?5 months

At what age does teething occur?6 months

What toys do you give for a 6 month old?Brightly colored, small enough to grasp, large enough for safety, teething toys

What age for fears of strangers? When is fear strongest?7 months

8 months is stronger

Which month able to play peek-a-boo?7 months

What toys do you give for 7-8months?Large colored, bricks, jack in the box

What month can a child say "DADA?9 month

What month can a child crawl well?10 months

What month can a child stand erect with support?11 months

What happens in the 12th month of the child?Birth weight triples.

Eats with fingers.

Anterior Fontanelle almost close.

Babinski reflex disappears.

Toys: books with large pictures, push pull toys, teddy bears, a large ball, or sponge toys.

Explain introduction of solid foods.One food at a time.

Begin with least allergenic foods first.

*Cereal is usually first. (Do not use cow's milk/whole milk. After six months of age cereal can be mixed with fruit juices. Fruit juices should be offered in a cup to prevent dental carries.)

*Vegetables

*Fruits

*Potatoes

*Meats

*Eggs

*Orange Juice

*By 12 months children should be eating table food. Don't give honey under 12 because of botulism.

What does a toddler do at 15 months?Walks alone.

Throws object.

Holds spoon.

Say 4-6 words. Understand simple commands.

What does a toddler do at 18 months?Anterior fontanelle closes.

Climbs stairs.

Sucks thumb.

Say 10 + words.

Temper Tantrums.

What does a toddler do at 24 months?300 world vocabulary.

Obeys easy commands.

Go up/down stairs alone.

Build towers.

Turn doorknobs/unscrew lids.

Increase independence.

What does a toddler do at 30 months?Walk tip toe.

Stand on one foot balance.

Has control for sphincter training.

Birth weight quadrupled.

State first/last name.

Give simple commands.

What type of toys are included for Toddlers?Cooking utensils, Dress-up clothes, rocking horses, finger paints, phonographs, cd players.

How do you avoid negativism during toddler ages?Don't ask no/yes questions.

Offer them choices.

Make a game out of the tasks.

What can a 3 year old do?Rides tricycle.

Undresses without help.

May invent imaginary friend.

Vocabulary 900 words.

Egocentric in thoughts/behaviors.

What can a 4 year old do?Laces shoes

Brushes teeth

Throws overhand

Uses sentences.

Independent

What can a 5 year old do?Runs well/Dresses without help.

Beginning cooperative play.

Gender-specific behavior.

What toys are used for preschool (3-5)?Playground materials, Housekeeping toys, Coloring books, tricycle with helmet.

Which age groups has greatest number of fears?Preschool age children.

What would you expect with a 6 year old?Self-centered, show off, rude

Sensitive to criticism

Begins loosing temporary teeth

Tends to lie.

What would you expect with a 7 year old?Team games/sports.

Concept of time.

Playing with same sex child.

What would you expect with a 8 year old?Seeks out friends.

Writing replaces printing.

What would you expect with a 9 year old?Conflicts between peer groups and parents.

Conflicts between independence and dependence.

Likes school.

Able to take on job duties (housework).

What toys are used for school age child?Construction toys, Pets, Games, Electronic games, reading, books, bicycles with helmets.

School age potential problems include:Anuresis (encourage before bed time)

Encopresis

Head lice

What are symptoms/indications of a fetal alcohol syndrome in a child?Thin upper lip, vertical ridge in upper lip, short up turned nose, mental retardation, motor retardation, hearing disorders, microcephaly.

Avoid alcohol 3 months before conception and throughout pregnancy.

What happens with amniocentesis? What does it do?16th week detects genetic abnormality

30th week detects L/S ratio: lung maturity

Void before procedure

Ultrasound given to determine position of placenta and fetus.

Complications: premature labor, infection, Rh isommunization (if client Rh negative, will be given Rhogam)

What happens with an ultrasound?5th week confirms pregnancy

Determines position of fetus, placenta, and # of fetuses.

Client must drink a lot of fluid before procedure for full bladder to have a clear image.

What happens with a non-stress test?At 28th week records FHR and fetal movement.

Favorable result: 2+ FHR accelerates by 15bpm and last 15seconds in 20 minutes.

What happens with a contraction stress test?Determines placenta's response to labor.

Done after 28th week.

Fowler/Semi-Fowler.

Given Oxytocin or Pitocin.

Results:

*Positive: Late decelerations indicates potential risk to fetus.

*Negative: No late decelerations.

What does Torch stand for? And their importance?Diseases that cross placenta or other events. Produce significant deformities or infant born with infectious process.

Toxoplasmosis: no litter box changed, no gardening, no under cooked meats.

Rubella: 1-16 titer immune for rubella, titer

Cytomegalovirus: transmitted in body fluids.

Herpes Simplex: Ascending infection. During pregnancy get treated with acyclovir. Delivery through c-section.

What concerns for clients that have UTI, Syphilis, Gonorrhea?UTI: may lead to pylonephritis, increase risk of premature birth.

Syphillis: passes through placenta, causes 2nd trimester abortions, still birth, and congenital infection, may receive medication for her and her baby.

Gonorrhea: baby gets prophylactic eydrops.

What are the danger signs of pregnancy?*Gush or fluid bleeding from lady parts

*Regular uterine contractions

*Severe headaches, visual disturbances, abdominal pain, persistent vomiting (symptoms of PIH)

*Fever or chills (symptoms of infection)

*Swelling in face or fingers (symptoms of PIH)

What are the events in the onset of labor?Lightening: (when baby drops to pelvis)

*Primipara: occurs 2 weeks before delivery

*Multipara: occurs during labor

Softening of cervix

Expulsion of mucus plug (bloody show) - pink tinged mucus secretion

Uterine contractions: regular/progressive not Braxton-Hick's type.

How does prolapsed umbilical cords happen?Premature rupture of membranes.

Presenting part not engaged.

Fetal distress.

Protruding cord.

What do you do when a client has a prolapsed cord?Call for help.

Push up against presenting part off of the cord.

Place in trendenlenberg position or knee chest position.

Successful if FHT left unchanged.

What is a early/sign of fetal hypoxia?Early sign: fetal tachycardia >160 in >10minutes

Late sign: fetal bradycardia 10 minutes

What things should you know about the Informed Consent form?Nurse can witness patient sign form.

Patient has to be age of capacity/adult and confident. No confused patient/drinking/already received preoperative medications.

Consent must be given voluntarily and information understandable. Nurse must make sure questions are answered and form is attached to chart.

What is early deceleration?Decrease in HR before peak of contraction. Indication of head compression.

What are interventions for late decelerations?Position mother left side/trendenlenberg/knee chest

Increase rate of IV

Administer Oxygen 7-10 l/min

DC Oxytocin

What do variable decelerations indicate?Cord compression.

Change maternal position.

Administer oxygen.

DC Oyxtocin/Pitocin

What are signs of "True Labor"?Regular contractions increasing in frequency, duration, intensity

Discomfort radiates from back

Contractions do not decrease with rest

Cervix progressively effaced and dilated.

What are characteristics of a "False Labor"?Irregular contractions, no change in frequency, duration, intesityDiscomfort is abdominal

Contractions decrease with rest or activity

No cervical changes

Prior to Lumbar Epidural block what should the patient do?Void

What should be implemented during the delivery of a newborn?Establish airway

Check Apgar at 1 and 5 minutes

Clamp umbilical cord

Maintain Warmth

Place ID band on mother and infant

What are the types of Lochia?Rubra-bloody, day 1-3

Serosa-pink-brown, day 4-9

Alba-yellow-white, 10+ days

If fundus is displaced not centrally and off to the sides means?Bladder distended.

If client soaks pad in 15 minutes or pooling of blood?Check for hemorrhage

What are assessments and implementations for an "Ectopic Pregnancy"?Unilateral lower quadrant pain.

Rigid, tender abdomen

Low Hct and hCG levels

Bleeding

Monitor for shock

Administer RhoGAM

Provide support

What are assessments and implementations for "Placenta Previa"?A placenta that's implanted in the lower uterine segment near cervical os, during pregnancy placenta is torn away causing:

First and second trimester spotting

Third and trimester painless, profuse bleeding

Bedrest side-lying or trendelenburg position, ultrasound to locate placenta, no lady partsl or rectal exams, amniocentesis for lung maturity, daily Hgb, Hct, Monitor bleeding

What are the assessments and implementation for "Abruptio Placentae"?The premature separation of a placenta that is implanted in a correct position.

Painful lady partsl bleeding

Abdomen tender, painful, tense

Possible fetal distress/Contractions

Monitor for maternal and fetal distress

Prepare for immediate delivery

Monitor for complications: DIC, pulmonary emboli

What are assessments and implementations for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?Hyperglycemia after 20 weeks

Usually controlled by diet

Oral hypoglycemic medications contraindicated

Test for diabetes at 24-28 weeks on all women with average risk 20.

Frequent monitoring of mother/fetus during pregnancy.

Teach to eat prescribed amount of food daily at same times

Home glucose monitoring

Teach about change in insulin requirements

What are assessments and implementation for a Hydatidiform Mole?Elevated hCG

Uterine size larger than expected for dates

No FHT

Minimal dark red/brown lady partsl bleeding with grape like clusters

Nausea and vomiting

Associated with PIH

Curettage to remove tissue

Pregnancy discouraged for 1 year

Do not use IUD

hCG levels monitored for 1 year

What are the newborn vital signs?Temp. 97.7-99.7

HR sleep 100, awake 120-140, 180 crying

Resp 30-60

BP arm/calf 65/41

What are assessments and implementation for Hyperbilirubinemia?Caused by immature hepatic function

Physiological Jaundice (No treatment required)

*Seen after 24 hours

*Peaks at 72 hours

*Lasts 5-7 days

Breast-Feeding Associated Jaundice (Frequent breast feeding)

*Caused by poor milk intake

*Onset 2-3 days

*Peaks 2-3 days

Breast Milk Jaundice (discontinue breast feeding for 24 hours)

*Caused by factor in breast milk

*Onset 4-5 days

*Peak 10-15 days

Hemolytic Disease (Phototherapy then exchange transfusion)

Caused by blood antigen incompatibility (Rh or ABO incompatibility)

Onset first 24 hours

Peak variable

What are assessments and implementations for a Narcotic-Addicted infant?Assessments

*High-pitched cry (Hallmark sign)

*Hyperreflexia

*Decreased sleep

*Tachypnea (>60/min)

*Frequent sneezing and yawning

*Seen at 12-24 hours of age, up to 7-10 days

Implementation

*Reduce environmental stimuli

*Administer Phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, diazepam, paregoric

*Wrap snugly, rock, and hold tightly

*Assess muscle tone, irritability, vital signs.

What are the assessments and implementations of Toxic Shock Syndrome?Sudden-onset fever

Vomiting, diarrhea

Hypotension

Erythematous rash on palms and soles

Administer antibiotics

Educate about use of tampons (change tampon Q3-Q6 hours)

What are contraindications to Immunizations?Immunization is a primary prevention

Severe febrile illness

Altered immune system

Previous allergic response

Recently acquired passive immunity

What are assessments and implementations for a "Latex Allergy"?Assessment

Urticaria, rash

Wheezing, Rhinitis, Conjunctivitis, Bronchospasms

Anaphylactic shock

Implementation

Screen for sensitivity

Avoid latex products: gloves, catheters, brown ace bandages, band aid dressing, elastic pressure stockings, balloons, condoms

What are implementations for Croup syndromes at home?Steamy shower

Exposure to cold air

Cool, humidified air

Universal Donor Blood: Packed red blood cells (help oxygen deliver to tissue, if you use whole blood there will be a risk for fluid overload), type O, Rh-negative

5% Sodium Bicarbonate--metabolic alkalosis solution

Older adults are asymptomatic when they have an infection and can lead to confusion.

Mononucleosis: complication enlarged spleen; concerned for trauma if child plays dangerous sport.

Lyme disease:found mainly in mid alantic states (Connecticut)

Pottery is unglazed can lead to "Lead Toxicity"

Apgar Score: normal 7-10

WBC after pregnancy?

Ampicillin decreases oral contraceptives efficiency.

Tricuspid area: 5th intercostals space in the left sternum area

Tracheostomy care: no powder, suction trachea first then mouth, use pre-cut gauze.

Hip-Flexion: causes increased intra-abdominal/thoracic pressure.

Injury C3 and above need respiratory ventilation.

SIADH causes: lung cancer, Cisplatin (Platinol)

Chest Tubes

Fill water-seal chamber with sterile water to 2 cm (middle chamber)

Fill suction control chamber with sterile water to 20 cm (chamber all the way to the right)

Air-leak if bubbling in water-seal chamber (middle chamber)

Obstruction: "milk" tube in direction of drainage

Removal o chest tube: pt. does valsalva maneuver, clamp chest tube, remove quickly, apply occlusive dressing

Dislodged: apply tented dressing

Tube becomes disconnected from drainage system, cut off contaminated tip, insert sterile connector and reinsert

Tube becomes disconnected from drainage system, immerse in 2cm of water

Jackson-prat: Notify physician if drainage increases or becomes bright red

Penrose: Expect drainage on dressing

Tracheostomy Tube Cuff

Prevents aspiration of fluids/separates upper and lower airways

Inflated during continuous mechanical ventilation

Inflated during and after eating

Inflated during and 1 hour after tube feeding

Inflated when patient cannot handle oral secretions

*NCLEX-RN exam is a "here and now" test; take care of problem now to prevent harm to client.

*Do not ask "why" on the licensure exam

*Morphine Sulfate for pancreatitis causes spasms of the sphincter of Oddi; Meperidine is drug of choice.

*Normal Intraocular Pressure is 10-21 mm Hg

*Ecchymosis (faint discoloration) around the umbilicus or in either flank indicates retroperitoneal bleeding

The parenteral form of Chlorpheniramine Maleate is use to relieve symptoms of anaphylaxis allergic reactions to blood or plasma.

Herbs: Toxicities and Drug Interactions

Chamomile

Uses: Chamomile is often used in the form of a tea as a sedative.

Reactions: Allergic reactions can occur, particularly in persons allergic to ragweed. Reported reactions include abdominal cramps, tongue thickness, tightness in the throat, swelling of the lips, throat and eyes, itching all over the body, hives, and blockage of the breathing passages. Close monitoring is recommended for patients who are taking medications to prevent blood clotting (anticoagulants) such as warfarin.

Echinacea

Uses: Largely because white blood cells in the laboratory can be stimulated to eat particles, Echinacea has been touted to be able to boost the body's ability to fight off infection.

Reactions: The most common side effect is an unpleasant taste. Echinacea can cause liver toxicity. It should be avoided in combination with other medications that can affect the liver (such as ketaconazole, leflunomide (Arava), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), isoniazide (Nizoral).

St. John's Wort

Uses: St. John's Wort is popularly used as an herbal treatment for depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. It is technically known as Hypericum perforatum. Chemically, it is composed of at least 10 different substances that may produce its effects. The ratios of these different substances varies from plant to plant (and manufacturer). Studies of its effectiveness by the National Institutes of Health are in progress.

Reactions: The most common side effect has been sun sensitivity which causes burning of the skin. It is recommended that fair- skinned persons be particularly careful while in the sun. St. John's wort may also leave nerve changes in sunburned areas. This herb should be avoided in combination with other medications that can affect sun sensitivity (such as tetracycline/Achromycin, sulfa- containing medications, piroxicam (Feldend). St. John's wort can also cause headaches, dizziness, sweating, and agitation when used in combination with serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil).

Garlic

Uses: Garlic has been used to lower blood pressure and cholesterol (Dr. Lucinda Miller notes that there is "...still insufficient evidence to recommend its routine use in clinical practice.")

Reactions: Allergic reactions, skin inflammation, and stomach upset have been reported. Bad breath is a notorious accompaniment. Studies in rats have shown decreases in male rats' ability to make sperm cells. Garlic may decrease normal blood clotting and should be used with caution in patients taking medications to prevent blood clotting (anticoagulants) such as warfarin /Coumadin.

Feverfew

Uses: Most commonly used for migraine headaches.

Reactions: Feverfew can cause allergic reactions, especially in persons who are allergic to chamomile, ragweed, or yarrow. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs such as ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve) or Motrin) can reduce the effect of feverfew. A condition called "postfeverfew syndrome" features symptoms including headaches, nervousness, stiffness, joint pain, tiredness, and nervousness. Feverfew can impair the action of the normal blood clotting element (platelets). It should be avoided in patients taking medications to prevent blood clotting (anticoagulants) such as warfarin (Coumadin).

Ginko Biloba

Uses: This herb is very popular as a treatment for dementia (a progressive brain dysfunction) and to improve thinking.

Reactions: Mild stomach upset and headache have been reported. Ginko seems to have blood thinning properties. Therefore, it is not recommended to be taken with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Advil), naproxen (Aleve) or Motrin), or medications to prevent blood clotting (anticoagulants) such as warfarin (Coumadin). Ginko should be avoided in patients with epilepsy taking seizure medicines, such as phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and phenobarbital.

Ginseng

Uses: Ginseng has been used to stimulate the adrenal gland, and thereby increase energy. It also may have some beneficial effect on reducing blood sugar .in patients with diabetes mellitus. (Dr. Miller emphasized that there is substantial variation in the chemical components of substances branded as "Ginseng.")

Reactions: Ginseng can cause elevation in blood pressure, headache, vomiting, insomnia, and nose bleeding. Ginseng can also cause falsely abnormal blood tests for digoxin level. It is unclear whether ginseng may affect female hormones. Its use in pregnancy is not recommended. Ginseng may affect the action of the normal blood clotting element (platelets). It should be avoided in patients taking aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve) or Motrin), or medications to prevent blood clotting (anticoagulants) such as warfarin (Coumadin). Ginseng may also cause headaches, tremors, nervousness, and sleeplessness. It should be avoided in persons with manic disorder and psychosis.

Ginger

Uses: Ginger has been used as a treatment for nausea and bowel spasms.

Reactions: Ginger may lead to blood thinning. It is not recommended to be taken with medications that prevent blood clotting (anticoagulants) such as warfarin (Coumadin).

Saw Palmetto

Uses: Saw palmetto has been most commonly used for enlargement of the prostate gland. (Dr. Miller emphasized that studies verifying this assertion are necessary.) Saw palmetto has also been touted as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic to prevent bladder infections.

Reactions: This herb may affect the action of the sex hormone testosterone, thereby reducing sexual drive or performance. Dr. Miller states that "While no drug-herb interactions have been documented to date, it would be prudent to avoid concomitant use with other hormonal therapies (e.g., estrogen replacement therapy and oral contraceptives...")

Black Cohosh

Claims, Benefits: A natural way to treat menopausal symptoms.

Bottom Line: Little is known about its benefits and its risks.

A child with celiac disease mustn't consume foods containing gluten and therefore should avoid prepared puddings, commercially prepared ice cream, malted milk, and all food and beverages containing wheat, rye, oats, or barley.

The infant of a diabetic mother may be slightly hyperglycemic immediately after birth because of the high glucose levels that cross the placenta from mother to fetus. During pregnancy, the fetal pancreas secretes increased levels of insulin in response to this increases glucose amount that crosses the placenta from the mother. However, during the first 24 hours of life, this combination of high insulin production in the newborn coupled with the loss of maternal glucose can cause severe hypoglycemia. Frequent, early feedings with formula can prevent hypoglycemia

Stump elevation for the first 24 hours after surgery helps reduce edema and pain by increasing venous return and decreasing venous pooling at the distal portion of the extremity.

A platypelloid pelvis has a flat shape. A gynecoid pelvis is a normal female pelvis. An anthropoid pelvis has an oval shape, and an android pelvis has a heart shape.

The pulse is the earliest indicator of new decreases in fluid volume.

Adult Rickets: deficiency in vitamin D.

Chronic Pain: normal blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Normal pupils and dry skin.

Acute pain: causes increased blood pressure, increased pulse, and respiratory rate, dilated pupils, and perspiration.

The tip of the endotracheal tube lies 1 cm above the carina. This is positioned above the bifurcation of the right and left mainstem bronchi.

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) is a cellular enzyme that can be fractionated into three isoenzymes.

MB band reflects CPK from CARDIAC MUSCLE (This is the level that elevates with an MI.)

MM band reflects CPK from SKELETAL MUSCLE

BB band reflects CPK from the BRAIN

ALKYLATING AGENTS: affect ALL PHASES of the reproductive cell cycle (i.e., Cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan])

ANTIMETABOLITES: are cell cycle phase-specific and affect the S PHASE (i.e., Cytarabine [Cytosar])

VINCA ALKALOIDS: are cell cycle phase-specific and act on the M PHASE

Bell's Palsy: is a one-sided facial paralysis from compression of the facial nerve. The exact cause is unknown. Possible causes include vascular ischemia, infection, exposure to viruses such as herpes zoster or herpes simplex, autoimmune disease, or a combination of these items.

McBURNEY'S POINT: is midway between the right anterior superior iliac crest and the umbilicus. This is usually the location of greatest pain in the child with appendicitis.

MMR: administered SQ in the outer aspect of the upper arm.

Watch for absolute words "NOT" and "ONLY"

AIR EMBOLISM POSITIONING: Place the client on the left side in the trendelenburg position. Lying on the left side may prevent air from flowing into the pulmonary veins. The trendelenburg position increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases the amount of blood pulled into the vena cava during inspiration.

Trigeminal neuralgia pain medication: Use Carbamazepine (Tegretol) and Phenytoin (Dilantin). Narcotic analgesics (Meperidine Hydrochloride [Demerol], Codeine Sulfate , and Oxycodone) are not effective in controlling pain caused by trigeminal neuralgia.

Grapefruit juice can raise cyclosporine (Sandimmune) levels by 50% to 100%, risk for toxicity.

Fomepizole (Antizol): an antidote given IV to a client with Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze) intoxication

Phenotolamine (Regitine): antidote for hypertensive crisis

Bromocriptine (Parlodel): an antiparkinsonian prolactin inhibitor, is used to treat NMS.

Biophysical profile: assesses five parameters of fetal activity: fetal heart rate, fetal breathing movements, gross fetal movements, fetal tone, and amniotic fluid volume. In a biophysical profile, each of the five parameters contributes 0 to 2 points with a score of 8 being considered normal and a score of 10 perfect.

GTPAL

Gravidity, the number of pregnancies.Term births, the number born at term (40 weeks).Preterm births, the number born before 40 weeks' gestation.Abortions/miscarriages

*Included in gravida if before 20 weeks' gestation

*Included in parity if past 20 weeks' gestationLive births, the number of live births or living children

Therefore a woman who is pregnant with twins and has a child has a gravida of 2. Because the child was delivered at 38 weeks, the number of preterm births is 1, and the number of term births is 0. The number of abortions is 0, and the number of live births is 1.

Probable signs of pregnancy:

*Uterine enlargement

*Hegar's sign (Softening and thinning of the lower uterine segment that occurs about week 6)

*Goodell's sign (softening of the cervix that occurs at the beginning of the second month)

*Chadwick's sign (bluish coloration of the mucous membranes of the cervix, lady parts, and vulva that occurs about week 6)

*Ballottement (rebounding of the fetus against the examiner's fingers on palpation)

*Braxton Hicks contractions

*A positive pregnancy test measuring for human chorionic gonadotropin

Positive signs of pregnancy:

*Fetal heart rate detected by electronic device (Doppler transducer) at 8-12 weeks and by nonelectronic device (Fetoscope) at 20 weeks of gestation

*Active fetal movements palpable by examiner

*An outline of fetus via radiography or ultrasound

Acetazolamide (Diamox): used for management of glaucoma is a carbonic anyhdrase inhibitor that has sulfonamide properties.

Watch out for absolute words "ALL" and "ALWAYS"

Before NG removal: bowel sounds have to be present.

Hyperkalemia on Electrocardiogram: Tall, peaked T waves; prolonged PR interval; widening QRS complex

Hypokalemia on Electrocardiogram: ST segment depression; Flat T wave

First-Degree Heart Block: Prolonged P-R interval

Bundle Branch Block: Widened QRS complex

Myocardial Necrosis in Area: Q waves present

Ventricular Fibrillation: No visible P waves or QRS complexes, no measurable rate. Irregular, chaotic undulations of varying amplitudes.

HypoCalcemia: Prolonged Q-T interval

Myocardial Ischemia: ST segment elevation or depression

Premature Ventricular Contractions: absence of P waves, wide and bizarre QRS complexes, and premature beats followed by a compensatory pause

Ventricular Tachycardia: absence of P waves, wide QRS complexes, rate between 100 and 250 impulses per minute. Regular rhythm

Atrial Fibrillation: no P waves; instead there are wavy lines, no PR interval. QRS duration is WNL and irregular ventricular rate can range from 60-160 beats/minute.

ANGINA

StableUnstableVariantIntractable

Triggered by a predictable amount of effort or emotion.Triggered by an unpredictable amount of exertion or emotion and may occur at night; the attacks increase in number, duration, and severity over time.Triggered by coronary artery spasm; the attacks tend to occur early in the day and at rest.Chronic and incapacitating and is refractory to medical therapy.

Cardiac Conduction System: Sinoatrial NodeInternodal/Interatrial pathwaysAV nodeBundle of HisR/L Bundle BranchesPurkinje fibers

Pulse rate is the earliest indicator of decrease in fluid volume.

A1-adrenergic receptors: found in the peripheral arteries and veins and cause a powerful vasoconstriction when stimulated

A2-adrenergic receptors: several tissues and contract smooth muscle, inhibit lipolysis, and promote platelet aggregation.

B1: Found in the heart and cause an increase in heart rate, atrioventricular node conduction, and contractility.

B2: Arterial and bronchial walls and cause vasodilation and bronchodilation.

PULSE PRESENT = NO DEFIBRILLATION

Myxedema (a.ka. Hypothyroidism)

Suggested toys

a.birth to six months - mobiles, unbreakable mirrors, music boxes, rattles

b.six to 12 months - blocks, nesting boxes or cups, simple take apart toys, large ball, large puzzles, jack in the box, floating toys, teething toys, activity box, push-pull toys

c.Solitary play

Toddlerhood (one year to three years)

Play is parallel

*Suggested toys: push-pull toys, finger paints, thick crayons, riding toys, balls, blocks, puzzles, simple tape recorder, housekeeping toys, puppets, cloth picture books, large beads to string, toy telephone, water toys, sand box, play dough or clay, chalk and chalkboard

Preschool age (three years to six years)

*Preschool play is associative and cooperative.

*dress-up

*fantasy play

*imaginary playmates

*Suggested toys: tricycle, gym and sports equipment, sandboxes, blocks, books, puzzles, computer games, dress-up clothes, blunt scissors, picture games, construction sets, musical instruments, cash registers, simple carpentry tools

School age (six years to 12 years)

Play is cooperative.

1.sports and games with rules

2.fantasy play in early years

3.clubs

4.hero worship

5.cheating

6.Suggested toys/activities: board or computer games, books, collections, scrapbooks, sewing, cooking, carpentry, gardening, painting

Tympany: Drumlike, loud, high pitch, moderate duration; usually found over spaces containing air such as the stomach

Resonance:Hollow sound of moderate to loud intensity; low pitch, long duration; Usually heard over lungs

Hyperresonance: Booming sound of very loud intensity; very low pitch, long duration; Usually heard in the presence of trapped air (such as emphysematous lung)Flatness:

Flat sound of soft intensity; high pitch; short duration; Usually heard over muscle

Dullness:Thud-like sound of soft intensity; high pitch; moderate duration; Usually heard over solid organs (such as heart, liver)

body temperature

orange: 36 to 38 degrees Celsius (98.6 to 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit)

St. John's wort - antidepressant

Garlic - antihypertensive

Ginseng - Anti stress

Green tea - antioxidant

Echinacea - immune stimulant (6-8 weeks only)

Licorice - cough and cold

Ginger root - antinausea

Ginkgo - improves circulation

Ma huang - bronchodilator, stimulant

Anatomical Landmarks of the HEART

i.second right intercostal space - aortic area

ii.second left intercostal space - pulmonic area

iii.third left intercostal space - Erb's point

iv.fourth left intercostal space - tricuspid area

v.fifth left intercostal space - mitral (apical) area

vi.epigastric area at tip of sternum

Range of Normal Blood Pressure

i.child under age two weighing at least 2700g: use flush technique,30-60mg Hg

ii.child over age two: 85-95/50-65 mm Hg

iii.school age: 100-110/50-65 mm Hg

iv.adolescent: 110-120/65-85 mm Hg

v.adult:

Normal Range of Peripheral Pulses

*infants: 120 to 160 beats/minutes

*toddlers: 90 to 140 beats/minutes

*preschool/school-age: 75 to 110 beats/ minute

*adolescent/adult: 60 to 100 beats/minute

Normal Rates of Respirations

*newborn: 35 to 40 breaths/minute

*infant: 30 to 50 breaths/minute

*toddler: 25 to 35 breaths/minute

*school age: 20 to 30 breaths/minute

*adolescent/adult: 14 to 20 breaths/minute

*adult: 12 to 20 breaths/minute

CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTION

1. Olfactory (CN I)

*Can identify variety of smells

*Deviation: Inability to identify aroma

2. Optic (CN II)

*Has visual acuity and full visual fields

*Fundoscopic exam reveals no pathology

*Deviation: Inability to identify full visual fields - total or partial blindness of one or both eyes

3, 4, 6. Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), and abducens (CN VI)

*Follows up to six cardinal positions of gaze

*Pupils are unremarkable

*Exhibits no nystagmus and no ptosis

*Deviation: one or both eyes will deviate from its normal position

5. Trigeminal (CN V)

*Clenches teeth with firm bilateral pressure

*Has no lateral jaw deviation with mouth open

*Feels a cotton wisp touched to forehead, cheek and chin

*Differentiates sharp and dull sensations on face

*Corneal reflex; blinks when cotton is touched to each cornea

*Deviation: Absent or one-sided blinking of eyelids

7. Facial (CN VII)

*Has facial symmetry with and without a smile

*Can raise the eyebrows symmetrically and grimace

*Can shut eyes tightly

*Can identify sweet, sour, salt or bitter on the anterior tongue

*Deviation: Irregular and unequal facial movements

*Deviation: Inability to taste or identify taste

*Deviation: Inability to taste or identify salt, sweet, sour, or bitter substances on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

*Deviation: Inability to smile symmetrically

8. Acoustic (CN VIII)

*Can hear a whisper at 1-2 feet

*Can hear a watch tick at 1-2 feet

*Does not lateralize the Weber test

*Can hear AC (air conduction) better than BC (bone conduction) in the Rinne test

*Deviation: Inability to hear spoken word

9, 10. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and Vagus (CN X)

*Swallows and speaks without hoorificeness

*Palate and uvula rise symmetrically when patient says "ah"

*Bilateral gag reflex

*Can identify taste on the posterior tongue

*Deviation: Unequal or absent rise of uvula and soft palate as the client says, "ah"

*Deviation: Absent gag reflex

*Deviation: inability to taste or identify taste on the posterior tongue

11. Spinal accessory (CN XI)

*Resists head turning

*Can shrug against resistance

*Deviation: Weak or absent shoulder and neck movement

12. Hypoglossal (CN XII)

*Can stick tongue out and move it from side to side

*Can push tongue strongly against resistance

*Deviation: Tongue deviates to side

Types of Coping Mechanisms

1.Compensation - extra effort in one area to offset real or imagined lack in another area

oExample: Short man becomes assertively verbal and excels in business.

2.Conversion - A mental conflict is expressed through physical symptoms

oExample: Woman becomes blind after seeing her husband with another woman.

3.Denial - treating obvious reality factors as though they do not exist because they are consciously intolerable

oExample: Mother refuses to believe her child has been diagnosed with leukemia. "She just has the flu."

4.Displacement - transferring unacceptable feelings aroused by one object to another, more acceptable substitute

oExample: Adolescent lashes out at parents after not being invited to party.

5.Dissociation - walling off specific areas of the personality from consciousness

oExample: Adolescent talks about failing grades as if they belong to someone else; jokes about them.

6.Fantasy - a conscious distortion of unconscious wishes and need to obtain satisfaction

oExample: A student nurse fails the critical care exam and daydreams about her heroic role in a cardiac arrest.

7.Fixation - becoming stagnated in a level of emotional development in which one is comfortable

oExample: A sixty year old man who dresses and acts as if he were still in the 1960's.

8.Identification - subconsciously attributing to oneself qualities of others

oExample: Elvis impersonators.

9.Intellectualization - use of thinking, ideas, or intellect to avoid emotions

oExample: Parent becomes extremely knowledgeable about child's diabetes.

10.Introjection - incorporating the traits of others

oExample: Husband's symptoms mimic wife's before she died.

11.Projection - unconsciously projecting one's own unacceptable qualities or feelings onto others

oExample: Woman who is jealous of another woman's wealth accuses her of being a gold-digger.

12.Rationalization - justifying behaviors, emotions, motives, considered intolerable through acceptable excuses

oExample: "I didn't get chosen for the team because the coach plays favorites."

13.Reaction Formation - expressing unacceptable wishes or behavior by opposite overt behavior

oExample: Recovered smoker preaches about the dangers of second hand smoke.

14.Regression - retreating to an earlier and more comfortable emotional level of development

oExample: Four year old insists on climbing into crib with younger sibling.

15.Repression - unconscious, deliberate forgetting of unacceptable or painful thoughts, impulses, feelings or acts

oExample: Adolescent "forgets" appointment with counselor to discuss final grades.

16.Sublimation - diversion of unacceptable instinctual drives into personally and socially acceptable areas.

oExample: Young woman who hated school becomes a teacher.

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: Five Stages

1.Denial

a.Unconscious avoidance which varies from a brief period to the remainder of life

b.Allows one to mobilize defenses to cope

c.Positive adaptive responses - verbal denial; crying

d.Maladaptive responses - no crying, no acknowledgement of loss

2.Anger

a.Expresses the realization of loss

b.May be overt or covert

c.Positive adaptive responses - verbal expressions of anger

d.Maladaptive responses - persistent guilt or low self esteem, aggression, self destructive ideation or behavior

3.Bargaining

a.An attempt to change reality of loss; person bargains for treatment control, expresses wish to be alive for specific events in near future

b.Maladaptive responses - bargains for unrealistic activities or events in distant future

4.Depression and Withdrawal

a.Sadness resulting from actual and/or anticipated loss

b.Positive adaptive response - crying, social withdrawal

c.Maladaptive responses - self-destructive actions, despair

5.Acceptance

a.Resolution of feelings about death or other loss, resulting in peaceful feelings

b.Positive adaptive behaviors - may wish to be alone, limit social contacts, complete personal business

FOODS HIGH IN WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

A.Vitamin C - citrus fruits, cabbage, tomatoes, strawberries, broccoli

B.Thiamine (B1) - lean meat, legumes,unrefined or enriched grains and cereals

C.Riboflavin (B2) - enriched grains, milk, organ meats, poultry, fish

D.Niacin - peanuts, peas, beans, meat, poultry

E.Pyridoxine (B6) - kidneys, liver, meats, corn, wheat, eggs, poultry, fish

F.Cyanocobalamin (B12) - kidneys, lean meats,liver, dairy products, egs

G.Folic acid - liver, eggs, leafy green vegetables, fruits, enriched grain products

FOODS CONTAINING FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

A.Vitamin A - fruits, green and yellow vegetables, butter, milk, eggs, liver

B.Vitamin D - milk, fish

C.Vitamin E - green vegetables, vegetables oils, wheat germ, nuts

D.Vitamin K - liver, cheese, leafy green vegetables, milk, green tea

mucomyst: acetaminophen toxicity

[janina08RN, RN]

thank you so much for the notes!!! what you did means so much...and im sure it does too for the rest of the April group.

thanks!!!!!!

[avalere2474]

hi

i think this website may help , lots of information on nclex.

www.nursereview.org . it is very helpful to me ,let me know if it works for you.

God bless

[travel soon]

RNAFFAH,

I don't know how to thank you, we probably would have spent months compiling all that info. You are a Wonderful Person and We all Thank You!!!:bowingpur:bowingpur

[jenrn2008]

This is an excellent summary... I am going to print it out to make sure I know and understand each point. Thank so much for doing this!

[michaRN, RN]

This is an excellent summary... I am going to print it out to make sure I know and understand each point. Thank so much for doing this!

yes indeed very good summary..and im very thankful for this people.:bow:do you think we can remember all of this on nclex day?:

[jenrn2008]

Hey Gen! we're doing the same thing!...i start at 12noon till 1 am answering questions, taking down notes and reading the rationales...i would like to believe that we will pass this test! we will be RNs soon!!! :)

Yes! I agree! I don't know why it takes me so long to do the questions.... I have a very limited attention span.... I am doing them in study mode and reading the rationale and strategy right after I answer the question..... I start around 12 but it takes my until about 4pm to finish.... in addition I have an 8 month old baby that just started crawling and loves to tear up all my papers! So that also makes the process a bit longer.... then in the evening I start studying Pharm! I just can't wait until this is OVER! I am getting tired of studying!! :uhoh21::stone