You say that your husband quit a job once without consulting you at a time when you needed the money. I imagine that you have some pent up resentment over that, but it seems you have accepted it and forgiven him since you are still with him. I hope that you can help him to see how this situation is similar for you (miserable in your job and need to quit.) The fact that he once did this but is trying to prevent you from doing kind of the same thing is a potential minefield in your marriage.
My advice to you would be that before you start looking for a new job you need to sit down and have a real heart to heart with your husband. Marriage is a team effort and major life decisions should be made ideally with both partners on board. Find out what it is your husband is having such a hard time letting go of. Is it the money? The title? I know you mentioned the loans, but there are plenty of people out there paying off loans for educations they do not use in their work lives. The skills you gained as a nurse will serve you very well in any career field. Tell him this. Things like organization, prioritization, time management, etc. these are valuable in any career and not a waste of your education.
You said your husband becomes angry when you try to speak about this with him, well he needs to knock that off in order for you two to have a truly productive discussion. You need to tell him "I need to speak with you about this so that WE can make a decision that is good for BOTH of us, I cannot do that if you become angry." Tell him that you need him to listen, to really listen to you. Explain to him what you told us here, that you are not happy, that it is affecting your mental health. Assure him that you are aware of the financial implications of the decision, that you understand how he must feel considering his income is fixed and he is unable to increase it, but you must, for the sake of your own sanity, find another option for yourself. Ask him what his reasons for not wanting you to do this are and really LISTEN to what he tells you. Ask him to help you brainstorm ideas. You will need his support in this matter, otherwise you will become resentful of him over time. Do not find a new job before he has time to process and accept your desire otherwise he will become resentful of you over time. There has to be a consensus you two can come to so that you both can get what you need.
Do you need to leave nursing totally? What is it specifically that you hate about the jobs you have held? Patient care? Mundane tasks etc? Were there things you enjoyed about any of them? What type of career do you see yourself being happy in? While your nursing education kind of pigeon holes you into patient care you can spin the skills you possess into potential strengths for a totally different career. For example when an interviewer says You have no experience in this field why should I hire you? You could say something along the lines of while I have no job experience specific to this field my job experience as a nurse allowed me to build skills I feel you could benefit from then go on to list the things we all use as nurses. Example: Managing personnel (CNA's, etc.) excellent customer sercive and communication skills, prioritization, meeting deadlines, working under extreme pressure, working within budget constraints etc.
You may want to consider some career aptitude testing. You can get this and usually some career counseling at local community colleges for pretty reasonable rates. Good luck to you.